The Dangers Of Drilling Oil Rigs On Land

Land-based oil rigs present a host of different dangers to residents and the environment.

Numerous studies and articles have been conducted on the dangers of drilling for oil on land. These onshore drilling procedures present problems to local residents, wildlife and the environment. The exploration and site selection also play a part in the dangers present by land-based oil rigs. The biggest discussions about drilling for oil on land are the risks worth the rewards or benefits from oil drilling production.

Exploration

Oil drilling begins by exploring a specific part of landmass. Exploration involves use of seismic testing to map and record possible underground oil reserves. Seismic testing requires a minimum of 3 acres to perform a proper survey. Oil companies destroy the natural habitat of wildlife by clearing the 3 acres required. Roads and survey buildings are built on these sites, which causes the soil to erode and prevents plants from growing in the survey area after the seismic tests are performed.

Environmental

The environment is affected by drilling for oil on land.

Other dangers from drilling for oil on land are the environmental impacts the oil rig presents. Once oil rigs are placed and drilling begins, water surfaces with the oil. The water contains toxins which are generally dumped out into the soil. The toxic water can also drain into the water supply that runs into treatment plants providing water to cities, town and local residents. Until the toxic water can be disposed of properly, these dangers will continue to effect the environment.

Spills

Approximately 300 to 500 oil spills occur each year within the United States.

One of the biggest dangers of drilling oil rigs on land are the many oil spills that are recorded each year. Anywhere from 300 to 500 oil spills occur every year in the United States. Most of these oil spills occur when barrels of oil are being transported, but many oil spills occur at the drilling site. Once oil reaches water, it spreads quickly. Cleaning up the oil can take years. The number of spills increase when oil production increases.

Fire Hazards

Fire hazards at a landbased oil rigs endanger oil rig workers and local residents.

The dangers of oil rigs on land also concern the workers residing at the drill site. Oil explosions and subsequent fires present major hazards to the employees. A variety of machines are used to drill for oil. All of these machines require power supplied by either electricity or gas-operated generators. Any time combustible materials come in close contact with each other, the possibility of fire and explosion rises dramatically. Oil rig fires can also spread to surrounding forests, creating a major forest fire, damaging the environment and residential areas. Emergency responders are also put at risk fighting fires created by oil rig accidents.

Tags: drilling land, spills occur, local residents, drilling begins, each year, from drilling, many spills

Treatment For Plantar Fasciitis Heel Pain

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain. The term "plantar" refers to the sole of the foot, and the fascia is a flat band of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separates layers of tissue. The plantar fascia is attached at the center of the heel bone, and stretches across the bottom of the foot, connecting the heel bone to the toes and supporting the arch. Chronic heel pain is sometimes called plantar fasciosis.

History

Plantar fasciitis used to be called "heel spur syndrome" because of the bone spurs that can form. Bone spurs are merely a result of the problem, however, not the cause of the heel pain. The pain of plantar fasciitis is caused by the tearing of the fascia where it connects into the heel bone.

Identification

The main symptom of plantar fasciitis is a stabbing pain in the heel that is usually worse in the morning, or during the first few steps you take after standing up. There also may be some swelling and pain when you push off with your toes while taking a step. It usually develops gradually, and can be only in one foot, or worse in one foot than in the other. A physician can diagnose plantar fasciitis, and may order an X-ray or MRI to rule out other possible causes of heel pain such as sciatica, tarsal tunnel syndrome, Achilles tendonitis or plantar fascia rupture.

Causes

The plantar fascia normally supports the arch of the foot like a bow-string and acts as a shock absorber during walking and running. The rolling motion of the foot slightly inward during a step is called pronation. Some people overpronate, or roll inwards too much, during walking or running. During this excessive pronation, or "overpronation," the arch of the foot flattens out, causing the fascia to stretch too far and the foot to become unstable. Plantar fasciitis is also more common in men over 40, possibly because their plantar fascia is less elastic, and pregnant women.

Other factors can contribute to plantar fasciitis. Part of your risk for developing plantar fasciitis is genetic, related to how your foot and ankles are formed. Being overweight can cause excessive stress on the plantar fascia, as can wearing shoes that bend in front of the toe joint or are too flexible in the arch. Drastically increasing the duration of your runs can contribute to plantar fasciitis as well.

Treatments

If you develop heel pain after an increase in the length, intensity or frequency of running, cut back the activity. Once recovered, gradually build up the intensity of your workouts, and buy running shoes that provide more stability and correct overpronation.

Gentle daily calf stretches can help, too. Lean your hands against the wall and keep one leg slightly bent in front of you, and the other leg behind you and straight, Hold the stretch for 10 seconds, then switch legs. Never bounce while stretching. Perform 10 repetitions twice a day. Also try "toe curls" for 20 seconds twice a day to strengthen foot muscles (see Resources).

Devices such as inclines or half-moon-shaped wheels can assist with a foot stretch, but be sure to follow the instructions, and stop if it hurts. There are also plantar fasciitis socks that use a strap to gently pull the toes back to stretch the foot as you sleep at night.

Other things you can do at home to help alleviate plantar fasciitis is to ice the foot twice a day for 15 minutes each time. You also can buy over-the-counter orthotics to provide more arch support and stability, and avoid walking barefoot, even around the house, for six weeks after a flare-up of plantar fasciitis. If home treatments are not effective, see a podiatrist. A podiatrist can evaluate your gait, and take standing X-rays of your feet and prescribe a physical therapy regime.

Prevention/Solution

A good way to prevent plantar fasciitis and other sports-related injuries is to increase the duration and intensity of your workouts gradually and carefully. Wear a good shoe with plenty of arch support and shock absorption. If you run regularly or long distances, it is important to wear a shoe that is designed for that purpose.

Runners often develop excessive tightness in calves and hamstrings, so they must stretch regularly to prevent any imbalance. Cross-training with a variety of activities also can help prevent the repetitive-motion injuries that can trigger plantar fasciitis.

Most important, listen to your body. Pay close attention to which activities lead to heel pain. Keep a workout journal to track any possible cause and effect of foot pain.

Tags: heel pain, plantar fascia, plantar fasciitis, heel bone, plantar fasciitis, arch foot

What Are The Causes Of Chest Pain With Stomach Gas

Chest pain can be caused by stomach gas traveling into the chest area and stretching the esophageal nerve endings.

Location

This type of pain is generally right in the center of the chest. Ordinarily, it doesn't move.

Exceptions

If the chest pain is the result of a heart attack or angina it will radiate to your neck, shoulders and arms.

Splenic Flexure

If you have a condition called splenic flexure syndrome this can cause chest pain. This condition occurs when gas or air accumulates in the upper part of your colon. This will gas cause pain in the upper left abdomen and can radiate to the left chest area, according to Babyboomercaretaker.com.

Surgery

Sometimes after undergoing surgery a patient will accumulate gas that will travel to the chest area and cause pain.

Dangerous and Not Dangerous

Along with gas, anxiety and rapid breathing can cause pain in the chest. Sometimes the pain signals no serious condition. At other times chest pain can be a sign of dangerous or even life-threatening conditions, including a heart attack or stroke, according to the Healthsquare website.

Tags: cause pain, chest area, heart attack

What Is A Flak Jacket

Today kevlar body armor is issued in the military instead of flak jackets.

Over the centuries many different styles of armor have been developed to protect against the weapons of the time. Metal plates were used through the Middle Ages and beyond when battles were fought with swords and spears, but with the development of guns and bombs new defenses had to be developed. One of the first of these was the flak jacket, which is still used in some areas today.

Flak Jacket

The flak jacket is a vest worn over the torso which is designed to withstand shrapnel from a bomb or other low velocity projectiles. Most importantly, it is not a bulletproof vest.

Materials

The main component of all flak jackets is layers of ballistic nylon, a material developed by DuPont. The man-made fiber is weaved in a certain way to create a higher density. It is then made into clothing in numerous layers so it can withstand certain impacts. Through the years metal plates were also put inside the lining of the jacket to give added protection.

Use

Flak jackets are largely discarded now in favor of bulletproof body armor. The idea was first used during the First World War by pilots to protect against high-explosive shells. They were in much wider use by the Second World War and were widely used by the infantry in Korea and Vietnam. In Vietnam, the metal plates were replaced with a combination of ballistic nylon and fiberglass.

Bulletproof Vest

Today flak jackets are used as a general term for body armor, but modern bulletproof vests are very different from flak jackets. A bulletproof vest is made from Kevlar which can withstand a much more high velocity impact than ballistic nylon and fiberglass.

Tags: flak jackets, ballistic nylon, body armor, plates were, ballistic nylon fiberglass, bulletproof vest, Flak Jacket

What Is The Best Way To Lose 10kg

10 kg can be lost in a combination of ways

People are always trying to find new ways to lose weight quickly and safely. Ten kilograms (or 22 pounds) is a sufficient amount of weight for the average person to lose to really change the way they look and feel in their everyday lives. Losing this much weight rapidly can be unhealthy if not done in the proper fashion. Following specific guidelines when trying to lose weight through diet and exercise can help you lose the weight safely.

Create Your Own Exercise Program

Begin exercising regularly. Run 45 minutes to an hour three to four times a week. If you can't run for that long, make sure you do at least some form of strenuous to moderately strenuous exercise for 30 minutes each day. Create a program that you will stick to and which can become routine. For example run four laps around your block; do 100 push-ups and 100 sit-ups; and jump rope for five to ten minutes. This type of exercise may be painful or difficult at first, especially if you haven't been exercising regularly.

Change Your Diet

Cut out sweets entirely, especially sodas, as they add high amounts of carbohydrates and sugars to your diet. No more fast food, fewer cheeses, breads and unhealthy proteins, like pork and beef. When you cut this out, replace it with a more nutritious diet of fruits, vegetables and lighter healthy protein-rich low-fat meats like fish, eggs and chicken. Try to have a salad as a meal with oil and vinegar dressing once a day, replacing another meal with higher calorie content. Start drinking at least a liter of water per day, if not more. This, combined with steady exercise, will help to shed pounds very efficiently. You have to burn 3,500 more calories then you consume to lose a pound, so keep that in mind when dieting and exercising.

Personal Nutritionist and Trainer

If you need someone to light a fire under you and make sure you stick to your plan to lose ten kilograms, talk to a nutritionist and a personal trainer. While these people can be expensive to hire, they can inspire and push you to stick to your plan--an added presence to help keep your will power intact. The good nutritionists and personal trainers are also well-educated in help you lose weight and get into shape in a safe way. It doesn't mean you need a full-time nutritionist or personal trainer, just one or two sessions to get you into the habit of following the programs they lay out for you.

Tags: lose weight, exercising regularly, help lose, help lose weight, make sure, meal with

When Cut New Sod

Keep new sod green and healthy by mowing at the right time.

New sod needs time to grow after planting. If you mow that sod before the roots take hold in the soil underneath, the sod will not survive. Does this Spark an idea?

Height

The height of the blades of grass will determine when to mow the new sod. Longer blades of grass have a deeper the root system. Allow the blades of grass to grow to 3 to 5 inches high.

Temperatures

Planting sod during warmer temperatures (above 70 degrees Fahrenheit) requires more watering than planting in a cooler season (below 70 degrees Fahrenheit). Even if the grass blades are getting long, you should not mow new sod before the 14th to 16th day after planting.

Mowing

Only remove 1/3 inch off the top each time the sod is mowed. If the blades of grass are 5 inches long, mow down to 4 2/3 inches. If you need to mow the blades down to 2 or 3 inches high, mow more frequently during the week while removing only 1/3 inch each time.

Tags: blades grass, after planting, degrees Fahrenheit, down inches, each time, inch each

What Stocks Have The Highest Return On Investment

Stock returns are never fully guaranteed and always include potential loss.

Between 2001 and 2010, stocks in the S&P 500 earned investors a little more than 1 percent per year. Considering that bonds earned investors more than 5 percent per year during this same period, you may wish to explore alternatives to investing in the country's largest companies that make up the S&P 500 index.

Risk and Reward

Generally, the higher returns a stock or other investment pays, the riskier it is. For example, the lottery is a type of investment that pays an extremely high rate of return, but the risks of loss are phenomenal. Investing in stocks is usually safer than investing money in lottery tickets, but keep in mind that buying stocks that offer higher potential returns also offer higher potential financial loss.

Size Matters

According to a Duke University study, large company stocks, such as those represented by the S&P 500 index, have averaged more than 11 percent gains per year since 1925. Over that same period, smaller companies that reinvest their earnings instead of paying dividends, such as those represented by the Russell 2000 index, have averaged over 16 percent per year over that same period.

International Markets

Duke University also looked at data from international markets between 1970 and 1995. During this time, most foreign market stocks outperformed U.S. company stocks, including smaller sized companies. The Latin American market performed best during this era, earning more than double the returns U.S. stocks offered. At the time of publication, international stocks continued performing well, but there is no guarantee they will always outperform domestic company stocks.

Leveraged ETFs

An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment that is designed to perform on par with a stock index it represents. For example, the ETF with the ticker symbol SPY is designed to move at the same percentage that the S&P 500 moves. Some ETFs are leveraged, which means they are designed to move at two or even three times the rate that their underlying indexes do. SDS, for example, is an ETF designed to rise and fall two percentage points for each percentage point the S&P 500 moves. Thus, in a rising market, SDS will offer double the gains that the S&P 500 offers.

Tags: more than, company stocks, more than percent, percent year, same period, than percent, companies that

Tips To Run A Faster 5k

Tips to Run a Faster 5K

A 5k is a footrace where runners travel 5 kilometers or around 3.1 miles. The 5k is a popular race distance among beginning and elite . Running a fast 5k requires a mixture of cardiovascular endurance and raw foot speed. While runners of longer distances like marathons may train by only running many miles a week, 5k runners should vary workouts to strengthen the legs and improve speed.

Run Hills

Hill running can be an effective way to build leg strength and promote foot speed while working on cardiovascular endurance. These are two key components of running a fast 5k. Find a steep hill with a well-groomed path, sprint up the hill and then walk back down. Repeat the sprints five to 10 times. An added benefit of sprinting hills is that it will help prepare you for any hills on your 5k course; runners that do not train on hills often struggle with them on race courses.

Interval Training

Interval training is a training method that mixes high intensity work with periods of rest. For longer races, setting an even pace that you can sustain for hours can be advantageous, but in a 5k you will likely change your pace several times during the race. Your body should be acclimated to running fast even when it is tired so you can kick it up at the end of your race and push for a good time. One way to interval train is to run 400m or 800m repeats on a track. Simply run one or two laps around the track at a speed that is faster than you would sustain for an entire 5k, walk for a minute and then run again. If you don't have access to a track, you can interval train on a running path by alternating running fast for a minute or two and walking.

Run on the Course

Some race courses have terrain features such as hills, narrow paths or open areas that take direct sunlight that can affect your running. It is important to be prepared for the conditions that you will encounter during your race to achieve a fast time. For instance, if your course has a long downhill for the last half of a mile, you might be able to run faster in the beginning of the race. On the other hand, if the course ends in a steep hill, you might want to run a bit slower during most of the race to conserve energy to climb the hill quickly. Practicing on the course can help you decide on the race tactics you can use to get the best time possible.

Tags: cardiovascular endurance, foot speed, interval train, race courses, running fast, steep hill

Top 5 Reasons To Hill Sprint

Adding resistance to your sprints can help you achieve gains in speed.

Hill sprinting provides additional advantages for your running routine. This activity has benefits for improving strength, toning muscles not used during a regular running routine, building speed and more. Fitness expert Matt Furey recommends beginning with brisk walking up hills and switching to jogging or running up the hill after the walking becomes easy. Once running also becomes easy, start sprinting up the hill for your new supercharged workout.

Strengthening Muscles

Hill running is the most specific strengthening exercise for runners, as explained by Jeff Gaudette of Premier Coaching Online. Hill sprints increase leg strength more than running or sprinting on flat land does. Because of the added resistance, the activity provides an extra workout for the muscles in the lower back as well as the hamstrings and calves. It also helps make ankles stronger.

Avoiding Injury

Sprinting on flat land can lead to muscle pulls and strains, typically in the hamstring. This is particularly true for weekend warriors who don't exercise regularly during the week. A muscle injury is unlikely when hill sprinting, as noted by Furey, because the resistance prevents you from reaching your maximum speed. Additionally, because sprints are by definition short in duration, lactate does not build up in the muscles, making it less likely for muscles to become fatigued and sore. Hill sprinting and running also decrease impact shock on your body compared with running on flat land because your feet have a shorter distance to hit the ground when moving uphill.

Building Speed

Adding resistance to your sprints can help you achieve gains in speed, according to strength and conditioning coach Tim Kauppinen, writing at the Brian Mac Sports Coach website, brianmac.co.uk. Learning to overcome resistance helps you deal with inertia when starting from a stationary position, and you'll move to full speed faster. You can also do resistance training by sprinting on a flat surface and dragging equipment behind you, but you don't need this equipment when hill sprinting. Additionally, because hill sprinting makes your ankles stronger, you'll be able to push off the ground harder. The more forceful the push, the longer your stride becomes. Running uphill also makes you raise your knees higher, which helps increase stride length. When doing hill sprints, you'll also naturally use aggressive arm and shoulder action. You can transfer this skill to flat-surface sprinting.

Burning Calories and Toning Muscles

Hill running and hill sprinting burn more calories than running on flat land. The activities also tone different parts of your body that aren't as affected by running on flat surfaces. Short, explosive hill sprints activate more muscle fibers more forcefully than other types of running, Gaudette says.

Providing Variation

Hill sprints provide variation in a running routine that can become dull, particularly if you tend to do your running at an indoor track or gym. Running outdoors gives you the chance to get fresh air and enjoy scenery. Hill sprints also are beneficial for anyone looking for a change to a cardio workout routine. Bodybuilding.com notes that switching to an outdoor workout provides a break from exercising with loud music, televisions and fluorescent lighting.

Tags: flat land, hill sprinting, Hill sprints, running flat, running routine

What Is The Meaning Of Expected Income

A potential employer may ask you about your expected income on a job positing or in an interview. The employer wants to know how much you expect to be paid for working the job position in question. When he asks you to name your expected income, do not simply throw out a figure that suits you. Do your homework and use your experience to build up a case, so you can argue your way to your desired income based on your skills and experience.

Meaning of Expected Income

An employer can ask you to share your expected income for a given job position. Before you answer on the job application or during the interview, take some time to learn about the average pay in the position. You do not want to undersell yourself by sharing a low wage in hopes of being flexible and more appealing to the employer, but you do not want to provide a high salary that does not reflect your experience and knowledge.

Expected Salary for Position

Complete some research to find out what the average or common salary is for the job position you are interviewing for. This can be done by using online payment resources, such as the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, PayScale or Salary.com. You can also compare these figures to similar job postings in newspaper or on online job boards. Use the figure as your starting point. Knowing what the common or average income is can help you reach an acceptable income value.

Education and Experience

Create a list of your previous education, work experience, skill set, qualifications and achievements that set you apart from another employment candidate. If you have an extensive work history or more education that the original job positing requires, you can use your experience to increase your expected income. Be prepared to defend your expected income figure and to negotiate it with the employer.

When to Share

Do not share your expected income or salary with an employer unless you're prompted to. Some employers use the expected income information as a method of browsing through applicants. Having an expected salary on a job application can turn off an employer, as it shows you are more focused on the pay rather than the job tasks themselves, even though it may not be the case. Do not give the employer a reason to judge you before actually meeting you. Avoid mentioning anything about income or salary expectations unless asked to do so.

Tags: expected income, your expected, your expected income, your experience, income salary

Things You Must Know About The New York City Marathon

The New York City Marathon has hosted runners of many skill levels since 1970.

Since 1970, the New York City Marathon has held firm as one of the most prestigious marathons in the world. With a course that takes runners through all five city buroughs, the New York City Marathon draws competitors from across the globe. Every November, thousands of runners make their way to the Big Apple to experience the many facets of this road race.

History

The original 1970 New York City Marathon simply looped runners multiple times around Central Park. Only 127 runners started the inaugural race and 55 finished the marathon. With a new course design in 1976, more than 2,000 runners entered the marathon. The number grew to 9,000 in 1978 as people flocked to enjoy the scenic route of the marathon. Many events added to the popularity of the event. The 2001 race was held just two months after the September 11 World Trade Center attack, creating a sense of unity and normalcy in the city. The race hosted the USA Men's Marathon Championships in 2009. In 2010, more than 45,000 runners finished the race, a record at the time.

Applying

Anyone who will be at least 18 years old on the day of the race can apply for the New York City Marathon. However, due to massive numbers of entries, only a specific number will be accepted, and a lottery is held to determine successful applicants. As of 2011, the entry fee is $196 for U.S. residents and $281 for international runners.

Qualifying

Aside from the lottery, some applicants are given spots in the race based on other qualifications. Members of the New York Road Runners club have different options for qualifying. People who have completed at least 15 previous New York City Marathons also receive spots. Additionally, runners who complete other marathons according to a set time standard receive exemptions. For example, men ages 18 to 39 who complete a marathon in under 2 hours, 55 minutes qualify for the New York City Marathon.

Course

The course is one reason many runners are attracted to the race. The marathon runs through all five of the city's boroughs: Staten Island, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Manhattan. This includes running over five bridges. The race starts near the Verrazano Narrows Bridge, where the course sees its highest elevation at more than 250 feet. The final mile of the course takes it back to its roots, as the race finishes in Central Park. Throughout the course, runners are taken care of with water, medical stations, bathrooms and even entertainment from a variety of music bands.

Fun Facts

The New York City Marathon website estimates that 2 million spectators line the course to watch the runners, and 330 million more watch via broadcast. Approximately 1.6 million cups of water are handed out to competitors along the way. More than 105,000 people apply to be in the race while more than $600,000 in prize money is awarded to top runners. As of 2010, the men's record of 2:07:43 was posted by Tesfaye Jifar of Ethiopia in 2001. The women's record stands at 2:22:31, run by Kenya's Margaret Okayo in 2003.

Tags: York City, City Marathon, York City Marathon, more than, 1970 York

What Are The Causes Of Stomach Pain After Running

Stomach pain and running.

The most common cause of stomach pain associated with running is the side stitch, a one-sided cramping pain in the abdominal region.

Causes

According to Dr. Mona Shangold, this painful "stitch" often results from a spasm of the diaphragm when the lungs inflate rapidly at the same time the legs are pumping and putting pressure on the abdominal muscles. Blood flow to the diaphragm, and thus oxygen, is reduced. Jostling of major organs and stretching of ligaments can also contribute.

Pain Relief

To alleviate runner's cramp, stop running, squeeze the cramped area and exhale forcefully through pursed lips, or reach above your head and stretch for a few minutes. Try to breathe by inflating your abdomen instead of your chest.

Prevention Tips

To prevent runner's cramps, strengthen your core muscles and practice belly breathing; don't eat a heavy meal within 1 or 2 hours before your run; remain hydrated; warm up properly; pace yourself; and coordinate inhaling and exhaling with your left foot striking the pavement.

Other Sources of Stomach Pain

Other fairly serious causes of stomach pain after running are abdominal cramps due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, as well as runner's diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration.

When to See the Doctor

Consult your doctor immediately if you experience stomach pain that does not go away or worsens, pain that radiates up to your neck and does not subside after a few minutes or nausea and vomiting associated with abdominal cramping.

Tags: associated with, pain that, stomach pain

What Is A Twin Set

A twin set is a women's fashion piece comprised of a tank top or short sleeve or sleeveless sweater made of lightweight material like cotton or cashmere. It is typically worn under a cardigan sweater made of the same material.

History

The twin set first appeared on the fashion scene in the 1940s as well-known women including Grace Kelly, Jacqueline Kennedy and Audrey Hepburn were known to sport the fashion piece. Its versatility allowed for it to be worn in formal and informal settings.

Variations

Variations of the twin set include a heavier cardigan with a deep scoop neck worn as the outer layer that displays the under-shell article of clothing. The twin set is commonly worn with a tighter, form-fitting garment as the under layer with the cardigan outer piece worn open to display the under piece.

Combinations

Commonly, both pieces of a twin set are the same color and style, while a popular variation includes opposing but complementary colors. Twin sets also are worn with one piece patterned and the other piece solid or with an ornate undershell with a plain sweater or vice versa.

Tags: fashion piece, sweater made, worn with

Written Tattoo Ideas

Script tattoos can have a variety of meanings.

There are two main categories in which almost all tattoo designs fit -- personal and memorial. That is to say, most tattoos either reflect an aspect or characteristic of yourself or represent an homage to a loved one or hero. Once you have decided the reason for your tattoo, you must choose between artwork and script. Script is often considered a much more direct way of portraying a tattoos concept, as artwork can be abstract and require explanation. As with any tattoo, take time to consider every detail beforehand.

Name

Names are a very basic and straightforward form of script tattoo. You can decide between tattooing your last name to not only represent yourself but also pay homage to your lineage and ancestors who bore the same last name, or tattoo the first name of a family member or loved one. Since this particular tattoo is only one to two words, it can easily fit in a variety of places that larger scripts cannot, such as the wrist, neck or ankle.

Advice

Advice script is a tattoo that can pay direct homage to a loved one, living or deceased. Think of some sage advice given to you by someone you love and trust, it can be one word or several sentences, and consider having those words tattooed. The length of the script will dictate its ideal position on your body, as the longer and more detailed the words are, the more space it will require to display adequately. This would also apply to literary or film quotes.

Literary or Film Quotation

If you are a die hard fan of either films or books, choose your favorite quotation from any particular character and have those words tattooed. If the quotation is fairly popular and common knowledge, you can easily have it represented on its own, however, if it is an obscure passage that may require some explaining on a regular basis, consider placing the words in quotes and tattooing a hyphen and the character's name beneath them.

Random

The beauty of a script tattoo is that is can literally be anything you want. You can follow the ideas above or simply choose a random word or words that are more specific and unique to you. Words that represent who you are as an individual can separate your tattoo from others that may be more generic. Also, you might consider tattooing personal words in other languages, such as Chinese or Hebrew, either to represent your heritage or for their picturesque qualities.

Tags: script tattoo, homage loved, last name, script tattoo that, tattoo that, that more, those words

Triathlon Training Camps In Australia

Triathlon training camps are available to beginners through to elite athletes and are held throughout Australia.

Triathlon training programs, squads and camps are offered throughout Australia and feature a range of sport specialities and terrains to suit the individual's needs. These are also available to specific groups, such as men or women only, companies for fundraising or corporate team-building exercises, or to schools as part of physical education programs.

EnergyLink Training Camps

Based in New South Wales, EnergyLink runs week-long camps in both winter and summer. These intensive sessions are held at Jindabyne during the summer months, and at Mooloolaba in Winter. Two levels of triathlon coaching are available from the beginner up to elite levels. Training is carried out in small groups and can be done at altitude, with all athletes provided personalized coaching and support. Accomodation, coaching, swimming pool fees and meals are included in the fee of $740. All performances are graded, and the winter camp also includes analysis via video recording of the athlete's training sessions.

EnergyLink Coaching

PO Box 377,

Kellyville,

NSW, 2155,

+61.298996004

www.energylink.com.au

Multisports Consultants

Several types of triathlon training camps are held at Noosa in Queensland such as the women-only or Ironman triathlon programs. Nick Croft is the head triathlon squad training coach and camps are held up to twice a year, over an average of four days. The seaside town of Noosa has the perfect environment for cycling, running and swimming and training is held in the Noosa National Park, Noosa Aquatic Centre and in the classroom. Noosa has often been the location of previous triathlons so all camp participants will also be able to train on the actual course. The training package includes all coaching, transition skills, prevention of injury training, and video recordings of training sessions. Also, accommodation, food, training attire and some gear will be provided. Prices start at A$595 and vary depending on the type of accommodation chosen.

Multisport Consultants

PO Box 90

Noosaville

QLD 4566

+61 0407 136 215

www.multisportconsultants.com

Tri Training Camps

Tri Training provides all-inclusive triathlon coaching in Victoria, in the town of Lorne. They cater to all levels, from beginners to Ironman athletes, with group sizes ranging from 6 to 14. Camps are either 2 or 3-days long and offered throughout the year. Training locations span the Great Ocean Road and the rainforests of the Otway Ranges. Training and coaching support, accommodation and all meals are included in the price (starting from A$280). All camps include an hour-long talk, bike maintenance advice, core stability and transition training. In addition, any camp sessions that include a Saturday will also include one night of accommodation at the Ravenswood Historic Homestead.

Tri Training Camps

Melbourne

info@tritrainingcamps.com.au.

Tags: camps held, coaching support, held Noosa, meals included, offered throughout, throughout Australia, Training Camps

The Best Way To Warm Up Before A Weight Lifting Workout

A productive weightlifting program will challenge you enough to increase or maintain lean body mass (muscle). In order to keep or build muscle, you must lift heavy--you should not be able to complete more than eight to 15 repetitions of each exercise, depending on your individual fitness goals. When lifting heavy, a proper warm-up is necessary to prevent injury.

Step 1

Hit the track, a treadmill, a stationary bike, a rowing machine, or any other cardio equipment in the building and work at a level six out of 10, where 10 is your maximum effort. Work at a level six for five to 10 minutes, or until you break a light sweat. You should feel a significant temperature rise throughout your body.

If you do not enjoy warming up on cardio machines, you may do full body, body-weight exercises such as jogging in place, jumping rope, jumping jacks, or lunges across a gym floor. Anything that gets you moving and gets you sweating will work.

Step 2

Now that your body is warm, lightly stretch the muscle groups you plan to be working. If you plan to do a full body workout, a full-body stretch would incorporate shoulders, back, chest, biceps, triceps, core, hip flexors, glutes, quads, hamstrings, and calves. Spend at least 30 seconds sinking deeply and slowly (not bouncing) into each stretch. Exhale before you stretch farther. If you feel a sharp pain, stop and hold the stretch at the farthest point before the pain occurred. Stretching should be a "comfortable uncomfortable" feeling, but never a sharp pain.

Step 3

Perform weightless repetitions of each exercise in your workout once or twice through. If you normally squat 100 lbs., do a set of squats with no weight, or with just the bar used to hold the weights. Focus on form as you complete 15 or 20 repetitions. Your body should be better prepared to perform the movements in your workout than it would have been if you had simply walked into the weight room and began working out.

Summary

Your body will thank you for being warmed up by being able to lift more weight without unnecessary pain or injury. You are more likely to recover from your workout and be back in the gym after one day of complete rest, with minimal soreness. Warming up with a quick cardio blast, followed by stretches, followed by exercise movements without weight, will increase your flexibility and safeguard your bones and joints from injury.

Warnings

Keep track of your progress in the gym and increase weight only when you are sure that your body is ready. Always increase weight by increments of 5 lbs. instead of making large jumps in weight. It is also important to remember that a plateau may simply be the product of habit--never be afraid to slowly and carefully take a step forward in your weight routine. As always, warming up will support and protect you in your efforts to build muscle and stay healthy.

Tags: your workout, build muscle, each exercise, full body, increase weight, repetitions each, repetitions each exercise

Why Do You Need Career Goals

Planning your career helps you achieve success.

In order to become successful in any career, you need to have a focus. You can attain this focus by developing a career path that you can follow to achieving the career you envision. Part of developing a career path is to state your career goals. Knowing why you need career goals will help you to appreciate the importance of creating them in the first place.

Education

Your career goals determine the educational background you will need in order to achieve your goals. The first thing you should consider after establishing your career goals is what education you will need to achieve them. This includes schooling and ongoing education in the form of seminars and corporate training. It is all part of reaching your career goals.

Focus

Reviewing your career goals on a regular basis, and understanding the rewards that you can gain by achieving your goals, will help you to maintain focus on your career. Spend time revising your career goals every two years to help you keep up with changes in your field. By regularly revisiting and renewing your goals, you can stay directed toward achieving your career aspirations.

Employment

Career goals help you to create authoritative and definitive career objectives. Employers will see that you have a defined career path and that you know exactly what you are looking for in your job and in your professional growth. Understanding your career goals will also help you in the interview process. Companies spend time asking about your career plans because they want to see if you have any; they are also interested in how their company fits into your future plans. When you have defined career goals, you can explain to a potential employer why you are the right fit for their company.

Opportunity

As your career advances, you will be presented with many different kinds of opportunities. The temptation is to get involved in as many opportunities as possible. However, there will be situations in which a new opportunity may not help you achieve your career objectives. Compare opportunities with your career goals and determine which are the best ones for you to get involved in to keep you on track.

Tags: your career, career goals, your career goals, career goals, career path, goals will

What Is A Typical Dj Sound System Setup For A Small Bar

A basic DJ system can provide plenty of punch for a small bar.

Many small bars want to expand their entertainment offerings beyond juke boxes and television screens. Installing a basic DJ system can help attract customers and provide additional promotional opportunities. A basic setup is easy to assemble and consists of just a few key components.

Source Equipment

Turntables, CD players and digital music are the most common sources for DJ music. A typical small bar will either utilize a dual CD player or computerized digital setup. Utilizing a dual CD player in conjunction with a computerized digital setup can offer wide flexibility.

Mixer

A basic four-channel mixer is a typical choice for most small bars. The mixer processes the source music, and allows for the back and forth bridging of dual sources as well as providing controls for vocal microphones or video and auxiliary feeds. Karaoke, dance music and even some live music can be run in a small bar with a four-channel mixer.

Amplification Equipment

A power amplifier will provide the juice to pump the source sound through the speakers. Two full-range speaker cabinets can provide ample sound for small bars without the need for a separate subwoofer. Powered speaker systems can eliminate the need for a separate power amplifier as well as provide a compact design with plenty of punch.

Tags: small bars, basic system, computerized digital, computerized digital setup, digital setup, dual player

Why Do I Get Light Headed When I Stand Up

Changing postures too quickly can cause dizziness

Changing postures from sitting to standing too quickly drops blood pressure; if blood isn't pumped quickly enough back up to the head, dizziness or lightheadedness from lack of blood supply may occur.

Blood Pressure Trends

Blood pressure tends to pool in the normal extremities, making it less available to the upper body when sitting or lying down. When quickly shifting from sitting to standing, postural hypotension sets in for the first few seconds, a condition in which there is not enough pressure in the veins to pump the blood upward.

Normal Blood Pressure

Since a normal blood pressure reading is 120/80 mm Hg, pressure readings consistently under that could indicate chronic issues. These include heart problems, where the heart isn't circulating enough blood, or endocrine issues, where a low thyroid could cause low blood pressure.

Contributing Factors

A decrease in blood supply to the brain can be caused by or influenced by anemia. A condition where inefficient oxygen is in the blood, anemia can be due to a deficiency of the nutrient iron, excessive blood loss, cancer, or kidney disease.

Tags: blood pressure, blood supply, Changing postures, from sitting, from sitting standing, sitting standing

Where Get A Free Carfax

Do your research before you buy that used car.

A Carfax used-car history report is a must for anyone looking to purchase a pre-owned vehicle. The popular used-car history reporting agency provides valuable information, such as accident history, odometer readings and number of vehicle owners. A single CARFAX vehicle history report costs $34.99 (as of 2010), but there is no need to spend money for it. If you know where to look, you can get a Carfax history report for free. The free report provides the same information as the paid report.

Locating Member Dealerships

Go to carfaxonline.com to find dealerships that subscribe to the Carfax reporting system in your area. Scroll down to the bottom of the page and insert your ZIP code. The website will display a listing of dealers in your area. This also comes in handy if you are out of town and decide to shop for a vehicle. All you need is a ZIP code and you can locate all membership dealers in the area.

Tips for Negotiating

Visit the subscriber dealership and start shopping for a car. The dealer may not voluntarily offer a free Carfax history report, but as part of the negotiating process ask the dealer to throw in a free report. If the dealer balks at providing a free Carfax report, take your business elsewhere. Any dealer worth its salt would prefer to hand out a free report than lose a potential car sale.

Shopping Online

Spend time browsing the Carfax online database. Go to carfax.com (different website than carfaxonline.com) and look through the online database to find a used car in your area. Each car listed in the database has a "Free Carfax Vehicle History Report" link. By clicking the link, you can view the entire report online. If you're still interested in the vehicle, print out the free report and take it with you to the dealership. It's a great negation tool.

Dealership vs. Private Sale

Obtaining a free Carfax vehicle history report is easier to do when purchasing from an auto dealership. It is not impossible, however, to obtain one from a private seller. If the seller truly wants to sell the car, it would behoove him to purchase one copy of the Carfax history report, make copies and provide a copy to each potential buyer. It's a small price for the seller to pay if he truly wants to sell the car.

Car-Buying Tools

Keep in mind that the Carfax report is just one of the many tools used to determine whether a car is worth buying. While it's a good tool to have, it should not be the only tool used when buying a car. Having a qualified mechanic inspect the car and taking an objective test drive is also important.

Tags: history report, free report, Carfax history, Carfax history report, your area, Carfax report, free Carfax

The Best Ways To Become A Better Runner

You can become a better runner by following some simple guidelines.

Running is an interesting hobby, and it can be used to jump-start a healthy lifestyle. Whether you are a seasoned runner or a beginner, trying to become a better runner is important. Running can help you develop a healthy lifestyle by allowing you to constantly move around, burning calories and toning muscles. If you want to be a better runner, the first thing you need is motivation. Running shouldn't be a dreadful activity; it should make you feel refreshed and energetic.

Get Plenty of Sleep

Sleep is very important when you are a runner. Sleep helps you feel refreshed and ready for a run, and it helps you recharge after a run. Made to Run recommends an average of eight hours of sleep a night. If work or other activities prevent you from getting the full eight hours, six hours of sleep can be sufficient.

Exercise

A runner should train and exercise on a daily basis. Exercise helps runners build strength and endurance, both of which are essential when running. Running on a treadmill helps runners build muscle in their legs an teaches them run. A treadmill can be used to practice different running conditions. On a treadmill, runners can run uphill and at different speeds.

Diet

Eating a balanced diet is essential in becoming a better runner. Every runner should eat a healthy breakfast, lunch and dinner. Runners should consume fruits and vegetables and stay away from processed sugar. When running, an individual should feel light and full of energy. Do not eat heavy foods before a run. Water should also be consumed throughout the day.

Practice

Runners should practice whenever they have time. Training makes better runners. Individuals should run in parks and other outdoor areas. When running, individuals should start off slowly and work themselves up to a faster pace. Runners should not run faster than they can handle. It is healthier to gradually run faster as the days go by than starting off fast.

Get a Running Partner

Individuals can become better runners by getting a running partner. A running partner can make their fellow runner accountable for their training and their runs. Running partners can also motivate runners by sparking a friendly competition. Running with partners can be enjoyable, which in turn will make you a better runner by making you more likely to run more.

Get Better Footwear

To be a better runner, good running shoes are essential. Runners need sneakers that are comfortable and sturdy. Runners can find the running shoe for them at a local running shop. At the shop, runners will be sized and shown various running shoes based on their level of training. A beginner can purchase running shoes that are specifically designed for the first-time runner.

Tags: become better, better runner, better runner, Runners should, running shoes, become better runner, better runners

What Gauge Wire Is Used For A Hot Water Heater

The NEC, National Electrical Code, specifies what type and size of wires are to be used for certain load conditions. These load conditions are based upon voltage and amperage. Most, if not all, municipalities base their local codes upon the regulations set forth by the NEC. A wire sizing calculator is available online to find the correct size wire for any application. Does this Spark an idea?

Watts

Nearly all hot water heaters are rated by wattage. This designates the amount of power that is consumed for heating the water in any given time period. If a hot water heater is rated for 5000 watts, then the heater will consume 5000 watts per hour of operation. Electric bills are calculated in the same manner but described on the bill as KWH or Kilo Watt Hour. One-kilo watt is equal to 1000 watts. A 5000-watt hot water heater then is the same as 5-kilo watts. Most modern day hot water heaters are fed from the main electrical panel from a 220-volt two pole circuit breaker.

Volts and Amps

To find which gauge wire is to be used for a hot water heater, Find the amperage used by that hot water heater. A basic electrical equation is volts times amperage is equal to wattage or (v x a = w). To find amperage from wattage simply divide the wattage by the supplied volts. In the above example of a 5000-watt heater, divide this by 220 volts. The resultant amperage is 22.7 amps. Round this number up to 23 amps to keep it simple.

Wire

According to the NEC wire sizing chart, Table 310, a 12-gauge wire will only safely carry 20 amperes. In electrical wiring never undersize the wire for the circuit. Use the next higher gauge wire to carry the electrical power. In this case it will be a 10-gauge wire which is rated for conducting 30 amperes of power. A general rule of thumb for wire sizes and amperage ratings is as follows: 12-gauge is equal to 20 amps, 10-gauge will carry 30 amperes, an 8-gauge wire will conduct 40 amperes of power, and in most applications, a 6-gauge wire will safely handle 50 amperes. Any power load larger than 50 amperes, and the NEC must be consulted. Special rules or regulations may apply for connecting these high amperage devices. In most cases hot water heaters will use either a 10-gauge or 8-gauge wire for conducting electrical power.

Tags: amperes power, water heaters, wire will, 5000 watts, 8-gauge wire, carry amperes

Troubleshooting A Garage Door Remote

Troubleshooting a Garage Door Remote

Battery

A dead or dying battery is one of the most common and simplest reasons why a garage door remote is not functioning properly. Remove the battery, which is usually a lithium battery or other flat, round type, and bring it to the local hardware or home store to match up a new one.

Interference

Radio signals, Wi-Fi and other signals bouncing around can interfere with the garage door remote. Sometimes new systems added to the home, such as an electronic sprinkler setup or new outdoor lights, have enough power to interfere with the garage door remote. Shutting off all power in the house except for one circuit to which you attach the garage door can isolate an interference problem. If interference is coming from an outside force, such as a neighbor's Wi-Fi or a nearby military base, a new, more powerful remote may be in order.

Antenna

Locate the antenna on the garage door opener and make sure it is hooked up properly. You can make it longer by hooking wire to the end of it to extend its reach. Loop one end of the wire around the end of the antenna and let the other end reach out or coil it around.

Circuit Board

Sometimes the remote's circuit board goes bad, or it could simply be too dirty to function properly. Open the remote and use canned air to blast any dirt and dust from the board's crevices. Also make sure the battery terminals are lined up and touch the board when you depress the button. You can contact the remote's manufacturer and request a new circuit board.

Other

The manufacturer's help center may also be able to assist with problems common to that particular brand. Find the help center's phone number on your product packaging or manual. You can also call the store where you purchased the remote to see if they have the manufacturer's phone number.

Tags: door remote, garage door remote, circuit board, Door Remote, garage door, garage door, Garage Door Remote

What Is The Right Way To Breathe While Running

Breathing can become labored and difficult when you are running. Learning breathe during a run can be challenging for beginning runners. Keeping your breathing even during running can make running longer distances less painful and more enjoyable. By keeping a few things in mind, you can keep your breathing under control and effective rather than labored.

Mouth vs. Nose

Breathe through both your nose and your mouth. You will often hear that breathing through your nose is a good way to keep your breathing under control. However, using both your mouth and nose allows more air to enter and leave your lungs and will allow you to work out harder without becoming deprived of oxygen and without developing painful side stitches.

Rhythm

When you first begin running, try to keep the rhythm of your breathing the same as the beat of your footsteps. For instance, begin your run by breathing in for four steps and out for four steps. During a long run, this will help to keep you from running too hard in the beginning of your run, because you can simply slow down if you find your breathing and your footsteps get out of sync. Eventually as you fatigue you will breathe more quickly and perhaps increase your rate so that you are breathing in for three and out for three. Always make sure to breathe in the same number of steps you breathe out.

Effort

When your breathing becomes too labored while running, slow down. This will decrease the amount of oxygen your body requires and will slow your respirations. Use this rule of thumb during a long distance run rather than shorter sprints during which you should expect your breaths to be quick.

Diaphragm

Use your diaphragm to breathe. The diaphragm is the large muscle located underneath your rib cage and is responsible for helping you to breathe in. By using the muscles in your abdomen to help your diaphragm contract (breathe in), you will breathe more efficiently--especially when you begin to breathe hard while running. Practice using your diaphragm while resting. When using your diaphragm to breathe, your abdomen should move more than your chest.

Breathe Deeply

Breathe deeply and fill your lungs as much as possible while running. Small, short, inefficient breaths will leave you fatigued more quickly and are an indication that you are running too quickly to maintain your pace for long.

Tags: your breathing, your diaphragm, while running, both your, breathe more, breathing under, breathing under control

The Fastest Way To Lose Baby Weight After Pregnancy

Even before giving birth, many women start to worry about the pregnancy weight they have gained. So it is no surprise that many women want to know the fastest way to lose baby weight after pregnancy. Fortunately, by following these diet and exercise tips, it is possible to lose the weight in a healthy and timely manner.

Diet

Eating healthy is important especially after giving birth. It is necessary for losing weight, but is also essential for providing the fuel you need to keep your body going and caring for your child. Eat more protein to give your body the energy it needs, as well as healthy carbohydrates such as brown rice, whole wheat pasta, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables. One of the fastest ways to lose baby weight after pregnancy is to eat healthy food at regular intervals, which will boost your metabolism and give you the energy that you need even when you are getting very little sleep.

Exercise

Exercise is the fastest way to lose the weight after having a baby because it burns the unwanted calories and fat that are leftover from the pregnancy. Ab exercises are especially important to help lose the excess belly fat -- just make sure to get the okay from your doctor to begin exercise. Exercise balls are the best type of exercise equipment for losing extra baby weight. Take this time to exercise and to feel good about taking care of yourself while also caring for a needy infant. If you would rather be motivated by a group, then consider joining a local group of moms that gets together to exercise with their babies and strollers. It is the perfect way to get exercise, lose weight, talk to other adults, and still be with your newborn.

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is not only good for your baby, but it is one of the easiest ways to lose the weight after a pregnancy. Producing milk requires that you take in extra calories, but it also burns those extra calories and then some. Essentially, you have to do nothing more than feed your newborn in order to benefit and lose some of that baby weight.

Tags: baby weight, lose weight, after pregnancy, baby weight after, extra calories

What Effects Does Pronation Have On The Ankles During Running

Pronation can cause ankle issues for runners.

When running, pronation refers to the natural movement of the foot upon striking and lifting from the ground, which includes a slight inward roll. Problems can arise when there is too much (over-pronation) or too little (under-pronation or supination) movement, causing poor alignment in the foot, ankle and lower leg.

Facts

In normal pronation, the heel of the foot strikes the ground near the outside edge of the foot, then rolls inward as the arch flattens, absorbing shock. Finally, the ball of the foot and toes push off the ground.

Over-pronation

Runners who over-pronate may have flattened arches and ankles that roll inward too much as they run. Over-pronation causes ankle tendonitis and joint pain. Because an over-pronating foot is too flexible, ankles can become weakened and prone to sprains.

Under-pronation

Runners who under-pronate tend to run on the outside part of the foot. The foot is more rigid and absorbs too little shock. An under-pronating foot strike can also result in ankle sprains, particularly on uneven surfaces (such as trails or grass) as the ankle can easily roll outward.

Treatment

Custom or over-the-counter orthotics can help correct pronation problems by supporting the arch and properly aligning the ankle. In severe cases, physical therapy might be prescribed.

Additional Considerations

Running shoes are designed to control the rate of pronation. Runners with chronic ankle problems should be re-fitted at a specialty running store to find the best shoe for their running gait.

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The History Of Baby Walkers

Baby walkers have a long and controversial history.

A baby walker is a wheeled device that gives a baby, who can't walk on her own, mobility. The baby sits in a seat surrounded by a metal or plastic frame that has wheels on the bottom. The seat is low enough so the baby can touch the floor with his feet and self-propel the baby walker. Baby walkers have a long and controversial history.

Historical Identification

In their book "Nurturing Yesterday's Child," authors Mary Spaulding and Penny Welch explain that while most baby walkers as of 2010 are circular in shape, in the past, they have had square or triangular frames. Baby walkers were first made of wood or woven willow, until the widespread use of metal and then plastic. Throughout history, baby walkers have gone by many other names, including baby runners, baby cages, go-carts, going-carts, baby-trots, walking stools, walking trainers and crawling chairs.

Medieval Times

In Medieval times, some European and Asian religions taught that in order to keep humans from imitating animals in any way, babies should not be allowed to crawl. As an alternative, babies were strapped upright into baby seats and mobile walkers. Early walker devices can be seen in 14th and 15th century works of art including the illustrated manuscript "The Hours of Catherine of Cleves" from 1440, and the "Temptation of Saint Anthony" by Jheronimus Bosch, from the early 1500s.

16th and 17th Centuries

During the Renaissance, enlightened doctors encouraged the use of baby walkers, not to keep children from crawling, but to help them advance developmentally. Dr. Omnibonus Ferrarius, in his 1577 book "De Arte Medica Infantium," advocated the use of a wooden walker as "a learning and an exercising device." Master painter Rembrandt even drew a picture of a child in one in his etching "The Walking Trainer," dated around 1646.

First Patent

The first U.S. patent for a wheeled baby walker was issued on October 28, 1851 to Euclid Rice. In the Letters Patent No. 8478, Rice declared he had invented a "new and useful machine" that he named "Baby Walker and Jumper Combined." While Rice's baby walker was made of "mahogany or any other firm wood," other baby walkers from the 19th century were made of metal twisted into decorative designs around the baby's feet.

Modern Baby Walkers

In the 21st century, most baby walkers are made of thick plastic and are sometimes referred to as "mobile entertainers" or "mobile activity centers" thanks to the addition of attached toys. Most are circular, but some are molded into shapes, such as planes or cars. Some even have electronic components, games and lights. As of 2010, baby walkers range in price from $30 to $80, and are manufactured by Baby Trend, Kolcraft, Delta, Dream on Me and Safety 1st.

Controversy

Baby walkers have faced recent controversy for being unsafe and not developmentally sound. Walkers can tip over, travel down stairs, into pools or bodies of water, and can propel a baby into unsafe objects, like heaters and hots ovens. "The Baby Gizmo Buying Guide" also cites doctors' current belief that being in a baby walker actually hinders a child's ability to walk by strengthening the lower legs while weakening the upper legs and hips.

Legal Action

In 1997, the baby product industry enacted a voluntary standard to widen walker bases and include a friction strip on the bottom to prevent baby walkers from traveling down stairs. While the number of reported accidents dropped following this protocol, it was not enough for many organizations or governments. On April 7, 2004, Canada banned the sale, importation and even advertisement of baby walkers. While they have not been banned in the U.S., as of 2010, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against using baby walkers.

Tags: baby walker, baby walkers, walkers have, Baby walkers have, Baby walkers, baby walkers

Weight Loss From Copd

It's important for those with COPD to stay active.

For reasons not completely understood, many people who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) also experience COPD-related weight loss. In fact, the American Lung Association reports that one in four persons with COPD are underweight. Losing weight can actually make COPD worse, so it is important that COPD sufferers monitor their body weight and muscle mass as part of their management of COPD.

What Is COPD?

COPD refers to several diseases that make it difficult to breath. These diseases include chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which is usually caused by smoking, and tend to get worse over time. Although there is no cure, there are numerous treatment options to manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and make breathing easier.

Reasons Weight Loss in COPD

The reasons for weight and muscle loss in people with COPD are still being researched, but a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine suggests that there may be several factors. Some of these can include the patient having to use more energy to do day-to-day activities because of restricted breathing, as well as eating less because of shortness of breath. In addition, those with COPD may have a loss of interest in food due to COPD-related depression. Moreover, because COPD may reduce oxygen levels in the blood, it can interrupt the digestive process and prevent the body from using food properly.

How COPD Affects Eating

COPD can impact the patient's ability to eat in several ways. COPD medication may reduce appetite and, because of restricted breathing, a person with COPD may have diminished energy, making it harder to prepare and eat meals. In addition, many sufferers may find it hard to hold their breath while chewing or swallowing. Moreover, it may be more difficult to breath after eating, since a full stomach may push up and interfere with muscles in the chest.

Why Losing Weight Is an Issue with COPD

It is important for patients to avoid COPD-related weight loss for several reasons. As the body loses weight, it loses muscle mass, and muscles are what help the lungs to breathe. Diminished muscle mass will make breathing even more difficult, in addition to reducing the patient's energy level. This in turn may cause more weight loss, which will make it harder for the body to fight infection, including colds and lung infections. Avoiding this cycle is important when managing the long-term effects of COPD.

Avoiding COPD-Related Weight Loss

To avoid weight loss from COPD, it is important to eat healthful foods high in protein and fat. Protein helps to build muscle, so foods such as lean meats and nuts should be an important part of a COPD diet. It may also be beneficial to drink protein shakes that are high in calories, but consult with a doctor before making any serious changes.

Tags: with COPD, muscle mass, because restricted, because restricted breathing, chronic obstructive, chronic obstructive pulmonary

The Best Way To Keep Feet Warm In Ski Boots

Not having warm feet during an eventful day of skiing can be a nuisance---and also a health hazard. Being in the cold without enough warmth (especially on an extremity such as your feet) can lead to frostbite and even hypothermia, according to Princeton University's Outdoor Action Guide. There are several ways to make sure your feet stay warm and thereby ensure a day of fun rather than discomfort. The best method depends on your boots and ultimately your budget, although there are inexpensive options.

Start Off Right

Make sure that your feet are warm to begin with. That means not leaving your boots in a garage or outdoors over night. There are boot dryers on the market that ensure you're not stepping into wet, cold boots after a previous day of skiing.

Also make sure that your boots are the right size. Rental shops will often provide you with boots that are too big, the justification being that they will be more comfortable. Ski boots should fit snugly, and while they may seem uncomfortable at the shop, once you start skiing you'll appreciate the support.

Socks made specifically for skiing will also help keep your feet warm. They are lightweight and thin (to fit into boots) and are without seams that can push into your skin. You'll want an over-the-calf variety so they don't fall down.

For Added Warmth

BootGloves are neoprene sheaths that attach by Velcro over each boot. ThermoFeet are aluminum insole reflectors that go on the bottoms of your feet and redirect heat toward the body instead of away from it. Grabber Warmers, air-activated insoles that go between your socks and the bottom of the boot, are one of the least expensive options.

At the other end of the price scale for those who own boots are boot heaters, which are like having an electric blanket on your feet. They attach to the bottom of the footbed and have an electric cord with a rechargeable battery that goes out the back.

Try dry boots, ski socks and Grabber Warmers first. The combination of inexpensive product and prevention will keep your feet warm while you hit the slopes.

Tags: your feet, your boots, your feet warm, feet warm, Grabber Warmers, keep your

What Are Good Running Sunglasses

Sunglasses are a crucial part of your running attire.

Running is safer and more enjoyable when your eyes are protected from the sun and wind by a good, quality pair of sunglasses. The sun's rays can lead to eye degeneration over time. A cooling breeze is usually welcome during a long, hot run, but a piece of debris caught in the wind can damage your eyes. The glare from the sun can also cause you to miss a curb or bump and you may trip. These dangers can be avoided by wearing a good pair of running sunglasses.

Lenses

The most important thing sunglasses do is protect your eyes from the sun's harmful rays. Good running sunglasses have the maximum UVA and UVB protection of 100 percent. In bright conditions, dark-tinted lenses such as green and gray work best. On an overcast day, amber- and brown-tinted lenses work better. On an overcast windy day, use clear lenses to protect your eyes. Polarized lenses are excellent at preventing glare on bright days, especially if there is snow on the ground or water nearby. If you run around sunset, have a non-polarized pair of sunglasses or lenses, as the polarized lenses make it harder for you to see where you are going. Many runners buy a few pairs of sunglasses so they have the right lenses for any light conditions. Sunglasses with interchangeable lenses also give you this option.

Frames

Frames that are vented or designed to sit further away from your face help prevent the lenses from fogging up while you sweat. Wrap-around frames fit snugly to your head and help to protect your eyes when the sun is to your side. Lightweight sunglasses are the most comfortable. Nylon frames are very lightweight and flexible, so a tight fit is not uncomfortable or painful.

Fit

Sunglasses that slip or bounce while you run are uncomfortable and annoying. Select a pair that fits snugly on your nose and your head, but is not too tight to be comfortable. Non-slip nose pads and grips on the arms of the sunglasses help to prevent slipping and bouncing.

Buying Running Sunglasses

Most sporting goods stores sell high-quality sunglasses for runners, but they often have a limited selection. The online selection is excellent, but check the online store's return policy in case the glasses do not fit well. When you select your sunglasses in a store, jog or jump around a bit so you can tell if the sunglasses bounce or slip off your nose. It is better to look a little silly in the store than to pay for a pair of sunglasses you cannot use. Your eyesight is too important to skimp on lower-quality sunglasses. Avoid cheap glasses that do not protect your eyes properly. If the sunglasses do not fit well, you may take them off during a run, leaving your eyes unprotected from UV rays or debris in the wind.

Expect to pay $60 to $250 for a quality pair of running sunglasses. Road Runner sunglasses offer a varied selection, popular with runners. Tifosi Slip running sunglasses have three interchangeable lenses, as do Slip Toaster Slider sunglasses. Bolle Bolle Vigilante sunglasses are nylon; they are very light weight and flexible. Oakley Thump Pro sunglasses store 120 songs so you do not need your MP3 player or iPod while you run.

Tags: your eyes, protect your, protect your eyes, pair sunglasses, help prevent

Tips On Ricing Potatoes

Potato ricers are an alternative to potato mashers.

If you have difficulties in creating the perfect mashed potato dish -- sans lumps, that is -- then you should invest in a kitchen device called a potato ricer. This relatively inexpensive press is designed to force potatoes through small openings to ensure no large lumps remain. A few tips will help you make the perfect smooth and creamy riced potatoes that will have your dinner guests begging for seconds. Add this to my Recipe Box.

Leave the Skin On

When you mash potatoes using a potato masher, you will have to spend a lot of time peeling the potatoes before you boil them. However, when you use a potato ricer, just leave the skins on the potatoes. When you put the potatoes through the ricer, the skin will come off on its own and be trapped in the device. Skipping the peeling process makes ricing potatoes a lot faster, just make sure you take out the peel after ricing each potato.

Cook Thoroughly

How your riced potatoes turn out depends on how well they were cooked in the first place. A potato ricer is meant to get rid of lumps in mashed potatoes, but this will still be an issue if the potatoes are not thoroughly cooked. You can either boil or microwave your potatoes for use with a potato ricer. Whichever method you choose, you can tell that a potato is cooked all the way through by placing the potato on a fork and holding the fork vertically in the air. If the potato doesn't fall off the fork it is not cooked enough.

One at a Time

Potatoes should be placed into a potato ricer one at a time. The cavity of a potato ricer is large enough to hold several potatoes, but the more you insert the harder it will be to force the potatoes through. Although this might seem tedious, it will result in less work in the long run. Also, by ricing the potatoes one at a time, you can remove the skins after each press so the holes are not blocked by debris.

Milk and Butter

Just like mashed potatoes, riced potatoes require milk and butter to make them creamy and delicious. Once the potatoes have all been thoroughly riced into a serving bowl, add the desired amounts of milk and butter and stir them into the potatoes. Without these ingredients your dish could taste bland, or be too heavy for your diners to enjoy. The milk and cream will thin out the heavy potato mixture.

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The Dangers Of Rain

Rain presents various dangers in aspects of life we take for granted.

The dangers of rain go beyond the obvious hazards of slick roads and flash floods. Even the slow, heavy accumulation of rain can undermine land formations, posing a danger of mudslides even after the rain has stopped. Floods can carry diseases far from their point of origin to impact areas whose health and emergency services may already be compromised by storm damage. It is important to know the dangers associated with rainfall to minimize your risk from hazardous effects.

Motor Vehicle Accidents

The operation of motor vehicles in rainfall is dangerous, considering that pools of water on the road's surface can lead to decreased tire traction that results in skids. Heavy rainfall decreases road visibility and increases the likelihood of automobile accidents. Fresh rainfall that mixes with oil on road surfaces creates a hydroplane hazard. Hydroplaning occurs when water accumulates in front of a vehicle faster than its tires can displace it, causing the vehicle to temporarily lose contact with the road's surface.

Flooding

Too much rain over an extended period of time or especially heavy rainfall in a short period of time can cause flooding. Overburdened city drainage systems, overflow of rivers and collapsing dams cause large areas to flood. Floodwater that is 6 or more inches high flows much more rapidly than the water in lakes and rivers and can cause injury. Floodwater quickly transports heavy debris, bacteria and pollutants, exposing people to the risk of illness, drowning or serious injury. Floodwater also destroys homes and presents the danger of electrical shock from downed power lines, which may not even be visible above the water's surface. Floods can even cause fires by knocking buildings off their foundations and severing gas or fuel lines.

Mudslides

Mudslides occur when heavy rains transport masses of rock and earthen material down slopes. They are most prominent in steep areas or locations where surface runoff accumulates. Homes and buildings built along steep slopes are highly susceptible to mudslides, which can just as easily occur at night while the occupants are asleep. Mudslides cause injuries and fatalities, disrupt roadways and rupture pipelines. According to the California Department of Public Health, 25 to 50 deaths per year in the U.S. are attributed to mudslides and landslides.

Acid Rain

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, acid rain is a mixture of higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acid in the atmosphere. Volcanoes, decaying plants or fossil fuels from factories and automobiles emit chemicals that mix with the water and oxygen in the atmosphere. The nitric and sulfuric acid mixture falls to the ground as precipitation and contributes to a host of human health problems, such as bronchitis and asthma. Acid rain also endangers plants and animals: Sensitive water bodies are eradicated of fish and high-elevation tree growth becomes impaired, leading to ecosystem imbalances in both instances.

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Treadmill Speed For Weight Loss

To lose weight using a treadmill, the best speed is a mixture of speeds.

Many treadmills show a graph that depicts your "fat burning zone" at a low heart rate. As exercise intensifies, you move into a "cardio zone," then an "aerobic" zone. There is a myth that very low intensity training (what your treadmill calls the "fat burning zone") is the best way to burn fat with exercise. This false belief is a misinterpretation of exercise's relationship with weight loss.

Debunking the Fat-Burning Myth

When you exercise on a treadmill, your body gets energy from burning both fat and carbohydrate. You are always burning some of each, but the proportions of carbohydrate and fat fluctuate with intensity. Since the amount of carbohydrate your body can store is limited, it prefers to burn fat for fuel whenever possible. Carbohydrates deliver energy faster than fat, so as intensity increases, you use more carbohydrate to keep up with energy demand.

In the "fat-burning zone" (when energy demand is low), it's true that most calories come from fat (about 60 percent). Fat only provides only about 40 percent of the energy at higher intensities, but the total number of fat calories burned is still higher than at low intensity. Say you burn 5 calories walking on the treadmill at 3 mph for a minute: 3 calories from fat and 2 from carbohydrate. Running 6 mph you burn about 10 calories per minute: 6 from carbohydrates and 4 from fat. So in the "fat burning zone" (walking), you burn 1 fewer calorie from fat, and 5 fewer calories overall per minute. Multiply that for a 45-minute workout, and you could burn 45 extra calories from fat, and 225 more calories overall. Since weight loss is determined by total caloric deficit (no matter what kind of calories), faster treadmill speeds are more efficient for weight loss.

Post-Exercise Calorie Burn

A study done at Colorado State University proved that intense exercise increased post-exercise calorie burn. Subjects exercised either at a low intensity (50 percent effort) or high intensity (75 percent effort) until they burned 500 calories. They found that in the 3 hours after exercise, the high-intensity group burned about 50 percent more calories than the low-intensity group. Despite equal expenditure during the workout, intense exercise burned more overall calories.

Intervals for Maximum Weight Loss

Some gym-goers can't maintain an intense effort for an entire workout. Luckily, you can pack tons of intensity into a short time by doing intervals of hard work followed by a low-intensity rest period. Intervals maintain a higher average pace than steady efforts and maximize post-exercise calorie burn even for experienced runners.

Warm up for 10 minutes, then increase from a walk to a jog, or a jog to a run. Find a pace challenging enough that you couldn't comfortably hold a conversation, and hold it for a minute. When the minute is up, walk or jog easily for another minute. Start by doing five intervals and add one repetition each week. Once you can do ten intervals, increase the interval time, decrease the rest time, or increase the interval speed or incline to continue to maximize calorie burn.

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