What Is A Pinched Nerve In Knee

Peroneal Nerve Palsy in the Knee

A pinched nerve can occur wherever there is a nerve if that nerve, or a group of nerves, is somehow pinched by a bone or surrounding tissue. This can happen during pregnancy, or as a result of overuse of your knee, trauma or disease, according to Merck.com.

Cause

A pinched nerve in your knee may be the result of pressure being put on the peroneal nerve, which can result in peroneal nerve palsy. This condition is apt to occur if you are confined to bed, if you are thin and always cross your legs when sitting, or if you are strapped into a wheelchair incorrectly.

Identification

According to the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, the peroneal nerve is located on the outside of your lower knee. Its job is to send impulses to, and from, the leg to the toes and to the feet. If this nerve is pinched or otherwise damaged, foot drop can occur, which means that you are unable to raise your foot upwards.

At Risk

Your chances of suffering from a pinched knee nerve increase if you have diabetes, have recently lost weight, have inflammation in your blood vessels, which is called polyarteritis nodosa, or have sustained an injury to your knee.

Referred Pain

If you have a pinched nerve in a site other than your knee, such as in your buttocks, you may feel referred pain in your knee. Symptoms can travel "downstream" from the affected site.

Treatment

Treatment for a pinched nerve in the knee may include taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); applying heat on the afflicted area and resting and/or not putting pressure on the nerve for awhile.

Tags: your knee, peroneal nerve, pinched nerve, pinched nerve

What Kind Of Education Do You Need To Become A High School Physical Education Coach

Physical education teachers often coach school athletic teams.

Physical education coaches or teachers teach school-age children, including high school students, on the fundamentals of physical exercise and proper health and nutrition. They also teach students the basic rules and regulations of various sports and introduce students to non-traditional games that can be used for physical activity and exercise. Some physical education teachers also serve as coaches for school athletic teams. A well-rounded education is needed to provide instruction in all of these areas.

General Education

In most states, a bachelor's degree is the minimum requirement to work as a physical education teacher. The type of degree depends on the requirements of the state board of education. In some states an education degree is required, while in other states like Texas, the aspiring coach would need a degree in a field related to physical education like kinesiology or exercise science and then complete an approved teacher education program and certification. All bachelor's degree programs require general education courses. These are usually taken during the first two years of undergraduate studies and provide students with a well-rounded education. Students typically take courses in English, psychology, speech and communication, math, history and science en route to a bachelor's degree.

Physical Education Courses

Many physical education degree programs combine coursework in physical education with courses in professional teacher development and coaching. Physical education courses provide potential coaches with the foundation they need for instruction in the basic aspects of health and wellness. Courses of study can include areas like exercise physiology, kinesiology, first-aid and CPR training, health education, the use of rhythmic and non-rhythmic activities in physical education, preventing and caring for athletic injuries and anatomy and physiology.

Coaching Courses

Aspiring physical education teachers and coaches usually need to complete specialized coursework on the basic aspects of coaching particular sports. The areas of coaching chosen by the student are typically a reflection of his own coaching interests, but it also behooves the aspiring coach to take coursework in coaching as many sports as possible. Common sports often include football, basketball, baseball, softball and soccer. Other sports to consider include wrestling, tennis, track and field and volleyball.

Education Courses

Physical education majors often have to complete professional development or teaching courses also. These courses introduce them to the basics of teaching theory and methods. Students are also generally required to complete a teaching practicum and some kind of student-teaching experience also. Areas of study include those in instructional technology, educational psychology, assessment and valuation in education, multicultural awareness in the classroom and working with students who have exceptional abilities.

Tags: bachelor degree, education teachers, physical education, aspiring coach, athletic teams

What Happens During Childbirth Classes

Couples work together during childbirth classes.

Childbirth classes are a way for expectant parents to prepare for labor and delivery. Having a baby can be challenging and overwhelming. Taking childbirth education classes can help the process of childbirth seem less frightening. Even moms that have already had one or more children often find that childbirth classes help refresh their memories and make them feel prepared.

Learning About Labor

During childbirth classes, the process of labor is explained, including what signs to watch for and what exactly is happening to the body as a baby is about to be born. Couples taking classes learn different methods for pain management and interact with each other as a way of coping with discomfort and fatigue. Specific types of birth are reviewed, such as vaginal delivery and C-section.

Pain Management Methods

Two pain management methods that are often taught in childbirth education classes are Lamaze and The Bradley Method. Lamaze teaches various ways of coping during labor, such as focused breathing, massage and positioning. The Bradley Method is a method of natural childbirth for women who have no complications in their pregnancy. Diet and exercise are emphasized throughout pregnancy, and deep breathing is used during labor. During childbirth classes, the role of the partner or coach is explained, and couples do exercises to practice focused breathing or other pain relief methods.

Complications

All couples expecting a baby hope that things will go smoothly and there will be no complications. Unfortunately, sometimes unexpected events occur. Childbirth education includes information about possible complications and what medical interventions may occur. Topics covered may include emergency home birth, breech birth and preterm labor and delivery.

Other Information

A variety of information may be offered in different classes. Childbirth classes are typically offered around the sixth month of pregnancy. Couples may be offered a tour of the hospital facility to learn about different types of equipment, as well as basic information, such as where to park and where to report on delivery day. Other information that might be covered during childbirth classes includes what to pack to bring to the hospital, postpartum care, newborn care and breastfeeding. Childbirth education may be available on DVD, but a classroom setting allows couples to ask questions and practice techniques under the supervision of a trained professional. Ideally, classes are small, consisting of about 10 couples, to encourage interaction and mutual support among participants.

Tags: childbirth classes, Bradley Method, childbirth classes, childbirth education, Childbirth education, childbirth education classes

Weight Loss Exercise For Diabetics

According to Time.com, many doctors are urging their patients with type 2 diabetes to exercise and lose weight. The key issue then becomes what exercises to do. If you have type 2 diabetes, you need to be careful as to which exercises you do and how much exercise you do. Know when enough is enough. Try these simple exercises to help you lose weight.

Types of Exercise

Diabetes.org suggests that there are three types of exercises that your should focus on: aerobic exercise, strength training and flexibility training. For your aerobic exercise, try taking a brisk walk, do some laps in the local pool or go ice skating. Basically, with aerobic exercise, the goal is to increase your heart rate and work your muscles. If you are just starting the routine, you should aim to do some aerobic exercise at least 5 to 10 minutes a day. Gradually, you will be able to work up to around 30 minutes a day.

As for strength and flexibility training, diabetes.org suggests that you lift weights for strength training and do some gentle stretches for flexibility training. Simple stretches can include bending over and trying to touch your toes and gently lifting your arms over your head, reaching as high as you can for the sky.

Other Techniques

As with any exercise routine, check with your doctor to make sure that you are healthy enough for it. It is also important that you eat a balanced diet. To help you lose weight, start a weight loss and exercise journal. In it, detail everything you eat and each exercise that you will do for the week. Perhaps on Monday you will take a brisk walk for ten minutes. On Tuesday, you will go dancing. On Wednesday, you will focus on strength training. Whatever you choose, keep a log of your weight and make notes in it. Set reasonable goals as you exercise. For the first week, simply try to do about ten minutes each day. For the second week, try to exercise for fifteen minutes. Stick with your routine and you will shed the pounds.

Tags: aerobic exercise, flexibility training, lose weight, strength training, brisk walk, help lose, help lose weight

What Is A Sprint Triathlon

Sprint triathlons are shorter-distance triathlons than the traditional Ironman and Olympic distance lengths. They are ideal for the beginning triathlete or shorter-distance specialist.

History

Triathlon started as a training routine for members of the San Diego Track Club in Southern California in the early 1970s. The first official triathlon was held in 1974 in Mission Bay, San Diego.

Types

A sprint triathlon typically consists of a 750m swim, 20k bike and a 5k run. Distances can vary according to the terrain of the race venue, but the distances are always kept relatively short compared to other longer triathlons.

Geography

Most are held at lakes or at oceans for the swimming portions and on local roads for the running and biking segments. Some sprint triathlons are held on trails instead of roads and use mountain bikes instead of road bikes for an off-road, rugged experience.

Time Frame

A sprint triathlon takes much less time to complete than the longer distance triathlons that can take over twelve hours or more for the novice to complete. Winning times for sprint distance triathlons are a little over an hour with mid-packers coming in anywhere from one-and-a-half to two-hours plus.

Significance

Sprint triathlons have contributed greatly to the growth of the sport of triathlon. They are growing fast and now have a national championship of their own.

Tags: distance triathlons

Why Are Steroids Illegal

Anabolic steroids are the synthetic version of the male hormone testosterone. Doctors prescribe them for therapeutic use, but they are commonly abused by athletes and bodybuilders as a means to improve their performance and gain muscle mass quickly. Steroids have harmful and potentially fatal effects on the body, and they have been a controlled substance in the United States since 1991.

History

Congress made anabolic steroids a controlled substance on Feb. 27, 1991. They are a Schedule III controlled substance; other drugs in that category are substances that are known to have legitimate medical uses, as well as the potential for physical or psychological addiction. On the date the law was passed, everyone holding a supply of anabolic steroids was required to surrender it to Drug Enforcement Administration authorities or transfer it to a government-approved distributor.

Short-Term Physical Effects

Steroids are illegal because many of their effects are adverse--and they take hold quickly. They can cause tumors on the liver, jaundice and high blood pressure. They cause testicles to shrink, can cause infertility, and can cause men to develop breasts and lose their hair. In women, they can disrupt the menstrual cycle, cause the facial hair to grow and the voice to deepen. In adolescence, they can do all of these things as well as stunt growth.

Short-Term Psychological Effects

Steroid users are also susceptible to "roid rage." Symptoms include feelings of paranoia and jealousy, extreme aggression and irritability. Steroid users also have a dangerous feeling of invincibility, which can lead them to make poor decisions.

Long-Term Physical Effects

Steroids are also illegal because in the long term, they take a serious toll on the heart. They raise "bad" cholesterol and lower "good" cholesterol. This causes a buildup of plaque in the arteries that restricts blood flow to the heart. If blood cannot reach the heart, the user may suffer a heart attack. If blood cannot reach the brain, the user can suffer a stroke.

Steroids also increase the risk of blood clots in the vessels, which can disrupt blood flow and damage heart muscle, leaving the heart incapable of pumping blood effectively.

Trafficking

Even though steroids are illegal when not prescribed by a doctor, dangerous and looked down upon by the public and many in the bodybuilding and sports worlds, people continue to use them. They are produced in illegal laboratories, prescribed inappropriately and smuggled from Mexico and other countries, where they can be obtained without prescription.

Penalties

Possession of steroids without a prescription carries a federal penalty of up to one year in prison and a fine of at least $1,000 for a first offense.

Dealing or trafficking steroids carries a maximum federal penalty of five years in prison and a $250,000 fine for a first offense. The penalty and fine double on a second offense. Many states have also adopted separate fines and penalties.

Tags: controlled substance, anabolic steroids, blood cannot, blood cannot reach, blood flow, cannot reach, Effects Steroids

What Are The Dangers Of Performance Enhancing Drugs

What Are the Dangers of Performance Enhancing Drugs?

Performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids and hormone supplements, are a dangerous lifestyle choice for many athletes. Both men and women have been known to use these drugs to increase their strength and stamina. However, the side effects can range from unpleasant to deadly. Aside from the fact that performance-enhancing drugs can disqualify athletes from competing, drug users should consider the following dangers.

Severe Acne

Anabolic steroids can trigger extreme outbreaks of acne in both men and women. The most severe form of this is known as cystic acne and can appear on the face, chest and back. Not only can infection occur at the site of these outbreaks, lifelong scars will often remain after the acne is treated.

Hair Loss

Even young adults who use anabolic steroids can experience rapid hair loss. This side effect occurs in both male and female users. Steroids are known to trigger a form of alopecia known as telogen effluvium wherein the hair quickly sheds. This condition is sometimes irreversible. Men who are already predisposed to male pattern baldness may see the most extreme hair loss when using anabolic steroids. Even if a steroid user stops taking drugs altogether, the hair loss might continue.

Hormonal Imbalance

Most performance-enhancing drugs cause hormonal imbalance in users. For men, this can lead to the development of prominent breasts, as well as shrinkage of the testicles. With long-term use of steroids, a man's sperm count can be lowered to the point of infertility. Likewise, women can see extreme forms of hormonal imbalance with steroid use. Facial hair might develop, as well as a lower voice and changes in menstruation.

Liver Problems

The liver cannot adequately metabolize performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids. To the body's filtration system, the drugs are very stubborn toxins. Taking these drugs may result in liver abnormalities, such as the growth of tumors. Liver damage can also occur and in extreme cases, the liver may stop functioning completely.

Cardiovascular Problems

Levels of LDL cholesterol, also known as the "bad" cholesterol, can quickly increase when a person uses anabolic steroids. Meanwhile, the "good" cholesterol (HDL) decreases when steroids are abused. Performance-enhancing drugs are also known to raise blood pressure to unsafe levels. All of these side effects will predispose a user to strokes and heart attacks.

Mental Disturbances

Performance-enhancing drugs make users more aggressive and prone to extreme mood swings. These psychological effects can range from mild irritability to psychosis. The term "roid rage" refers to the violent fits that are commonly associated with anabolic steroids. Mental disturbances grow more frequent and extreme with long-term use of performance-enhancing drugs.

Tags: anabolic steroids, anabolic steroids, hair loss, Performance-enhancing drugs, also known, Dangers Performance

What Herbs Help Strengthen Lungs

The main function of the lungs is to take in oxygen and provide energy to the rest of the body. From a Chinese Medicine perspective, the function is to govern qi or energy and provide defense against external pathogens such as viruses. Herbs that tonify the lungs can be used to strengthen their function and decrease susceptibility to infection.

Shortness of Breath

Ren shen or ginseng root, powerfully tonifies the (qi) energy circulating through the lungs and is especially useful for conditions where shallow breathing, shortness of breath and poor circulation are present.

Increasing Energy

Huang qi or astragulus root stops sweating, releases toxins and strongly raises the (qi) energy in those who are frail or recovering from an illness. The skin is considered to be controlled by the lungs and is the largest and most exterior portion of the body, so loss of fluids through the pores can cause dehydration and loss of valuable minerals.

Strengthen Immunity

Sheng jiang or fresh ginger is a warm herb used widely to strengthen a weakened immune system, stop cough and loosen phlegm associated with a cold, flu and other chronic lung disorders. Known to relieve indigestion and nausea, when grated and combined with honey in boiling water relieves cough, and when applied alone as a hot liquid wash induces sweating to relieve fever.

Cold Limbs

Rou gui or cinnamon bark is another herb known for its ability to warm the kidney yang in Chinese medicine. This is important in ensuring vitality and warmth in the body and aids in common symptoms such as wheezing, severe sweating, and cold limbs associated with lung diseases.

Toxins

Licorice lubricates the lungs and counteracts toxicity. Boiled with half the amount of ginger and strained, it is consumed as soup to treat abscessed lungs, suppurate pneumonia and bronchitis without cough.

Cough

Other common herbs useful for colds and coughing are spearmint and peppermint which have a cooling effect on inflamed lungs and throat and diluted garlic, which can be used for whooping cough in children.

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The Top Night Clubs In London

London, UK

The London nightlife encourages club goers to start the fun and enjoy themselves. Even busy people find time to relax and party with friends. In London there are plenty of clubs that cater to different people and interests that boast quality music, lights, food, drinks and service. There is an extensive list of the top and most popular night clubs in London.

Ministry of Sound

Ministry of Sound is a world-famous superclub that has served clubbers for almost a decade and has ties with a record label. The nightclub sits inside a transport bus depot and quickly drew attention for having one of the top sound systems in Europe. The club features internationally known DJs like Above and Beyond, Audiofly, Chase Buch, Armin Van Buuren, David Guetta, Cosmic Gate and more. The venue also offers discounted ticket prices for students with IDs to encourage them to flock to the nightlife and electronic music. The club has no dress code, so jeans, trainers and T-shirts are acceptable attire. Guests should purchase tickets online and take the bar-coded ticket along with their IDs on the night of the event to gain admittance to this 18-and-over club. As of 2010, Ministry of Sound is open Friday from 10:30 p.m. to 6:30 a.m. and Saturday from 11:00 pm to 7:00 am.

Ministry of Sound

103 Gaunt Street

Elephant & Castle

London SE1 6DP

United Kingdom

011-44-0-870-060-0010

ministryofsound.com

Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club

Ronnie Scott's is one of the oldest jazz clubs in the world and has entertained people for almost 60 years. The venue showcases legendary names in the world of modern jazz and jazz fusion and features jazz music in the main club and in the upstairs bar known as Ronnie's Bar. The ambiance is classy and relaxing, allowing clubgoers to sip a drink as they listen to artists like Jose Neto, Bobby Hutcherson, J.T.Q., Eliane Elias, Natalie Williams Soul Family and more. The non-smoking club is fully air conditioned and guarantees seating when patrons book in advance; however, if guests failed to book ahead of time the staff will assist them in locating available seats. Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club allows teens ages 14 to 17 when accompanied by an adult, provided they leave at 12 midnight. The venue's dress code is smart casual, although jeans are allowed. As of 2010, the club is open seven days a week with hours from 6 p.m. to 3 a.m. Monday through Saturday, and 6 p.m. to 12 midnight on Sunday and holidays.

Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club

47 Frith Street

Soho

London W1D 4HT

011- 44-0-207-439-0747

ronniescotts.co.uk

Pacha London

Pacha London features a profile that matches global standards, and its lighting, seating, décor and VIP areas provide clubbers with flavorful nights. The club offers a VIP experience, including a private room for 20 guests or a private table for 10 people as well as security guards and personal waitresses. Clubbers can reserve spots in advance and take advantage of the free cloakroom and mixers at this club that has a zero tolerance drug policy. As of 2010, the club is open Monday through Friday from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

Pacha London

Terminus Place

London SW1V 1JR

United Kingdom

(011)-44-0-845-371-4489

pachalondon.com

Tags: Ministry Sound, Ronnie Scott, Jazz Club, Pacha London, Ronnie Scott Jazz, Scott Jazz

Why Is There Mercury In Compression Socks

Keeping a healthy blood flow can become difficult as people get older. In order to help veins in the legs--which often have to work harder than those in other parts of the anatomy due to gravity and other difficulties--many people wear compression socks or hosiery. These items are offered both over-the-counter and by prescription. They can help keep blood flow normal, and some can even relieve tension and pain.

Process

Compression socks work by exerting pressure on the ankle, leg and sometimes thigh (depending on the height of the garment). This pressure assists the veins by enhancing the blood flow.

Strength

Compression socks are rated between 10 and 50 mmHG, which stands for millimeters of mercury. This is only a measurement of pressure, as there is no actual mercury in a compression sock.

Prescription

While compression socks rated at 10-20 mmHG may be purchased over the counter, it usually requires a doctor's prescription to purchase a compression sock with stronger pressure.

Benefits

Compression socks are worn for many reasons. Among them is to relieve strain and ache in the legs during flights or stringent activity, as well as to prevent blemishes such as spider or varicose veins.

Types

Compression socks can be either preventative, which stop conditions before they start, or relief oriented, which help fight certain conditions. Both types are available in a variety of lengths and styles.

Tags: blood flow, compression sock, Compression socks, Compression socks, socks rated

Weight Lifting For Weight Loss

Weight Training

It's often thought that to lose weight, you need to incorporate a cardio program rather than a weight training system. Weights are often associated with building muscles and looking beefy. This is a false perception that can hurt your ability to burn fat in the most effective manner. While losing weight for the long term will require an improved diet and balanced exercise program, weight lifting will improve your weight loss potential and create a leaner physical appearance.

Basic Effects of Weight Lifting on the Body

Each movement that the body makes requires energy. In the absence of food to burn, your body attacks the fat cells for energy. Your body will reduce fat cells when it converts the fat inside of cells and converts it into energy.

This is a scenario that is occurring in the body 24 hours a day. While certain periods of the day have fewer energy requirements, such as sleeping, energy is still required. The major factor in play while this is occurring is where this energy fuel is derived from. It can be food or it can be fat cells. Weight lifting provides a need for extensive energy to be utilized even while you are at rest, which creates a greater impetus for the body to burn fat cells.

Increase Metabolism

One of the major impacts that weight lifting has on the body is that it will boost your body's metabolic rate. This is great for weight loss in both the long term and short term. During the hours immediately after a strength building program, your body experiences an increased metabolic rate. A consistent weight training program allows your body to increase and maintain a higher amount of lean muscle, which creates a more permanent metabolism boost.

While cardio also improves metabolism, it is only in the short term for about two to three hours following the workout. This subtracts from the much higher calorie burning scenario that takes place from a strength training session. One negative side effect of too much cardio activity is that you can actually lower your lean muscle mass which can reduce metabolism over a longer period of time. This can become counterproductive to losing weight.

Body Composition

Another large beneficial impact of weight training is that it will change your body composition. Cardio can be a beneficial factor for weight loss, but weight lifting generates a loss in body fat. An example of this is that many people that exercise on a treadmill will lose some weight, but their body looks the same. The reason is that you have not altered the ratio of body fat to muscle mass. You just weigh less and appear to be smaller. Strength training can actually change your physical appearance. This is because you will be replacing body fat with increased muscle. This generates a more toned and lean body composition. Lifting weights provides you with a visual body change as opposed to just a scale change.

Tags: your body, weight loss, weight training, body composition, change your, lean muscle

What Is The Job Of The Excretory System

The excretory system removes wastes from the body.

Cells in your body break down sugars, fats and proteins for energy. Some of these processes release waste byproducts that would be toxic in high concentrations, so cells release these wastes into the bloodstream. The excretory system plays a vital role in your body(and that of most other animals) by filtering waste and excess salt from the bloodstream and expelling it as urine.

Nitrogenous Wastes

Proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen, so when cells in your body break these molecules down, they remove the nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3). Some fish excrete ammonia in their urine; humans and other mammals, however, combine ammonia with carbon dioxide in the liver to form urea, (NH2)2CO. Like many other animals, humans also produce a small amount of a similar waste called uric acid.

Filtration

In humans and many other animals, the kidneys remove waste and excess salt from the bloodstream. Blood flows into the kidney via the renal artery and is routed into the nephrons. In each nephron, the blood travels through a ball-shaped structure called a glomerulus, where water and dissolved substances like urea, sugars, nutrients and salts can leak through the porous walls of the capillaries. The nephron removes the sugars, nutrients and some of the salt and water to return them to the bloodstream. This process leaves behind a concentrated solution of urea and salt dissolved in water.

Excretion

From the nephron, the urine flows through a duct called the ureter into the urinary bladder. A tube called the urethra links the bladder with the outside world. The sphincter muscles constrict the urethra to regulate the flow of urine so that it can be discharged at will rather than continuously.

Disorders

Gout is a disorder where the body either manufactures excess uric acid or doesn't properly filter it from the bloodstream. Unlike urea, uric acid is fairly insoluble, so it can form crystals in joints, causing pain and deformation. Urinary tract infections occur when bacteria colonize the urinary tract and can cause a variety of problems. Kidney stones are crystals of insoluble salts like calcium oxalate. They can form in the urinary tract for a number of different reasons and block the passage of urine through the tract.

Interesting Variations

Vertebrate animals inhabit a startling variety of different habitats; consequently, the excretory systems of different animals exhibit some interesting adaptations to their native environments. Freshwater fish, for example, absorb large quantities of water through osmosis, so they need to excrete large volumes of dilute urine. Saltwater fish, on the other hand, take in large quantities of salt, so their excretory systems must expel salt while conserving water. Vampire bats are perhaps the most peculiar example of a diet-specific adaptation: after consuming blood, they quickly unload much of the water from the blood meal as dilute urine. Much of the nutrition the bat can extract from the blood, however, is in the form of protein, so in breaking down these proteins the bat ends up with a large quantity of urea. After digestion, then, the bat's kidneys shift gears and start producing highly concentrated urine instead.

Tags: from bloodstream, other animals, uric acid, your body, body break, dilute urine

What Is The Stock Symbol For Bp

Oil corporations like BP (British Petroleum) may be the companies everyone loves to hate, but they are perennial favorites of investors. If you are considering investing in BP, you want to research it just as you would any other firm. The place to start is with the stock symbol for BP so you can find information and stock quotes on financial websites. Read on for some information along with an overview of the company and its history.

Identification

Headquartered in London, England, BP is a public stock corporation traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the London Stock Exchange (LSE) with the stock symbol of BP for both exchanges. Stock can be purchased on either market through NYSE/Euronext. To get updated stock prices, use the stock symbol on financial websites or go to BP investor Relations, where the stock is quoted in U.S. dollars, British pounds and Euros (see Resources below).

History

Beginning in 1901, a British team funded by entrepreneur William D'Arcy began searching for oil in Persia (modern-day Iran). By 1908, D'Arcy was near bankruptcy when the team headed by George Reynolds finally struck oil. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company was founded, later to become British Petroleum. By 1914, after constructing a pipeline and refinery, the company faced a second crisis. Unable to penetrate the American market against the monopoly of Standard Oil, they had few customers. Rescue came via Winston Churchill, who persuaded the Royal Navy to contract with the struggling firm. The outbreak of the First World War assured the company's survival and profitability. Rapid growth in the use of automobiles in the 1920s aided company growth. World War II was less kind--wartime rationing and pooling arrangements cost BP considerably. In the postwar era, the company continued to expand its markets and oil exploration efforts, including participating in the discovery of the Prudhoe Bay (Alaska) and Fortes (off the shore of Scotland) oil fields. Efforts by a newly independent Iran to nationalize operations were successfully countered in 1951, but in the 1970s virtually most Arab nations joined in a successful bid to nationalize oil production. BP turned to other regions in its oil exploration efforts and Mid East oil now amounts to 10 percent of their production. Since 2000, the company began to invest heavily in research and development of alternative fuels and energy technology in response to growing concerns over global warming and climate change.

Types

The central business of BP is producing energy from oil and Natural Gas. In addition to extracting and refining crude oil from fields around the world, the company has several important subsidiaries. These include Arco gas stations/convenience stores, Castrol automotive products and Air BP (aviation fuel).

Size

Revenues for 2007 were $291 billion, with net income of $20.845 billion. These figures may be somewhat misleading since they reflect sales and profit increases resulting the spikes in the commodity price of crude oil at that time. The company's assets total $236 billion, with equity of $93 billion. As of 2008, BP had a total employment of over 96,000.

Features

BP's Investor relations website is an investor-friendly source of information, although you'll want to check independent sources such as financial publications as well. You can download annual reports and other financial documents, use interactive charts and other tools for shareholders, and check stock and dividend histories. BP offers a direct stock purchase plan for American stockholders. Participation is free and there are no transaction fees. A minimum investment of $250 is required but can be broken down into up to five monthly $50 increments if automatically debited from a checking account. The plan includes dividend reinvestment and the option of regular contributions via automatic debit arrangements. You can get the plan prospectus and/or enroll online using the link below.

Tags: billion with, British Petroleum, exploration efforts, financial websites, Stock Exchange, stock symbol

Why Do Women'S Dress Shoes Run Smaller

Determining shoe size may depend on width, heel, type and designer.

With more consumers making online purchases than ever before, know accurate clothing and shoe sizes is beneficial. This may seem like a "no-brainer," but determining shoe size can be trickier than you may anticipate. Dress shoes, in particular, often run a size smaller than other shoe styles. A few factors to consider are: brand, where the shoe is manufactured, designer and to what sizing the shoe conforms (European, United States, United Kingdom, for example).

Aesthetics

Dress shoes for men as well as women tend to function with aesthetics, not comfort, as a main concern. Basketball and running shoes are designed to support the foot's arch, whereas a pair of heels or brogues is designed to make the foot appear elegant and slim. Shoes are, by most standards, measured according to length, not width. Therefore, when considering dress shoe size, most women have to purchase shoes that are one size up from their usual size.

Features

Women's dress shoes often have heels exceeding 1 inch. The higher the heel, the more the foot slides to the front of the shoe. With flat shoes, a body's weight is distributed throughout the foot: at the heel, the arch, the ball and the toes. Most high-heel dress shoes measure about 3 to 4 inches at the heel. Wearing high heels can make feet feel pinched at the metatarsus, the part of the foot where it is widest, making high-heeled shoes fit a size smaller in width.

Considerations

European sizes do not conform to U.S. standards. For example, a U.S. women's size 8 translates to a European size 38½. For dress shoes, when taking in consideration of heel height and shoe style, women who normally wear U.S. size 8 shoes have to purchase a European size 39. Actual sizing may vary from country to country; for example, an Italian size 39 may be larger than a French size 39. It all depends on the shoe manufacturer.

Misconceptions

United Kingdom (U.K.) sizes differ from U.S. and European sizes. A U.S. size 8 translates to U.K. size 7. When purchasing U.K. dress shoes in particular, women's sizes run smaller. Buyers should refer to the manufacturer or designer's size chart when it is available. Asking for width, heel height and the measurements of the shoe in terms of length is helpful. U.K. dress shoe size generally runs one size smaller than U.S. size. Shoe sizing systems vary in almost all countries.

Types

Most designer shoes use special lasts, or foot molds, to construct dress shoes. These foot molds are slimmer than other types of lasts. Aesthetics plays the biggest role in designing dress shoes, where form trumps function. This makes dress shoes fit more tightly at the metatarsus when a real foot wears the shoe. The type of dress shoe also factors into how it will fit women's feet. Sandals, pumps, platforms and wedges may all vary in fit.

Identification

Another reason why women's dress shoe sizes run smaller is due to pure vanity. Dress shoes are worn for the purpose of making the foot look better, sleeker. Wearing a smaller shoe size in many societies is seen as more feminine or classy. Designers appeal to women's vanity by sizing dress shoes smaller, which may result in inaccurate shoe sizing. Determining shoe size can be more complicated than anticipated, especially when it comes to psychological factors.

Tags: shoe size, dress shoes, dress shoe, Dress shoes, size smaller, dress shoe size, dress shoes

What Do You Need To Become A Police Officer In Eugene Oregon

The police department in the city of Eugene, Oregon, employs 185 police officers and 130 civilians to support the work of officers. The Eugene Police Department provides a broad variety of public safety services, including traffic law enforcement, canines, SWAT, bicycle patrol, crisis negotiations and an investigation unit whose emphasis is on crimes of property, against persons, financial crimes and narcotics.

Eligibility

To serve on the police force in Eugene you need to meet certain eligibility qualifications. According to the Eugene Police Department, applicants to the force must be older than 21 years of age and be U.S. citizens. In addition, potential Eugene police officers must hold a minimum of a high school diploma. Applicants must also have at least three years of work experience in an area related to police work or have a college degree. The department also emphasizes competency in written and oral communication.

Officer Selection

The Eugene Police Department has an officer selection process to recruit officers. The very first part of the selection process is completing an application and questionnaire. Based on the results of this information, the most qualified applicants are selected to complete additional testing. Selected applicants submit to a multiple-choice test to measure general knowledge of law enforcement. Part of the tests required for selection include a physical fitness evaluation to measure the strength, agility and stamina needed to perform the duties of police work.

State Certification Qualifications

Once eligible for service on the police force, applicants must meet the requirements for certification as a law enforcement officer in the state of Oregon. Certification from the state depends on passing suitability tests, including vision and hearing. Applicants are also required to undergo a background check to ensure the absence of felony convictions, a clear driving record and no Class A misdemeanors in the previous two years. In addition, the state of Oregon requires officers to have a CPR certification within the first year of employment.

Police Academy Training

The city of Eugene requires police officers to undergo paid training by the Eugene Police Department. The typical police recruit normally goes through about two weeks of training and orientation specifically related to the Eugene Police Department. The new recruit then attends the 16-week long Basic Police Academy. The program takes place in Salem, Oregon, according to the specifications of the Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards and Training. Upon completion of the training program, recruits work with a field training officer (FTO) for five months. After completing five months with the FTO, new police officers attend a supplementary program lasting four to six weeks to complete training.

Tags: Eugene Police Department, Eugene Police, police officers, Police Department, city Eugene, Eugene Oregon

What Is The Right Dog Breed For Me

Choosing the right dog for your lifestyle and personality is important.

Choosing a dog is a big decision, one that is likely to require a 10- to 15-year commitment. In order for you and your pet to have the best possible life together, you should consider such factors as your lifestyle and personality, the dog's needs and personality, and the question of mixed breeds versus purebreds.

Lifestyle

Do you live in a large house with a backyard, or a small, fourth-floor apartment? Do you live in a city, small town or a rural setting? Will the animal be left alone a lot? Do you enjoy outdoor activities and would you take the animal with you? Do you have children? For example, a golden retriever is not the best choice for a single person living in a small, fourth-floor apartment and who works full time outside of the home, but this breed would be a good choice for a family living in a house with a backyard.

Personalities

You need to make sure your personality matches well with the dog's. Do you like quiet and reserved pooches, or active, bouncing breeds? Do you want your dog to be outgoing or shy, ready to take on any outdoor challenge or a homebody, cuddly or aloof? Do you have the time and patience to train a puppy, or would you be better with an adult dog? You need to make sure you're willing and excited about living with and caring for this animal for the rest of its life. A Jack Russell terrier, for instance, is a small dog with boundless energy, while a Basset Hound is more laid back.

Dog Needs

Dogs come with needs. Are you able to afford veterinary care, food, any needed medical attention, flea and tick treatments, spaying or neutering? There are many costs to consider, and the Pet Education website has a helpful table in determining general expenses.

Also consider the age of your dog. If you are adopting a puppy, consider costs of training, toys, pet care when you are away and vaccinations. If you are adopting an older dog, consider what that dog may need; will it soon need old-age care, or is the animal in the prime of its life?

Purebred or Mixed Breed

There are advantages to both mixed and purebred dogs. Purebred dogs are predictable in terms of growth, development and general personality characteristics. Mixed breeds are also fairly predictable, especially if you can identify the dominant breed genetics, but there is always an element of mystery. While general personality can be determined (such as if the dog is good with children), other unexpected issues may crop up--like growing a little bigger than expected. Mixed breeds, however, tend to be free of the genetic disorders purebreds are known to have. Purebred boxers, for instance, are notorious for being prone to a variety of eye, ear, intestinal and heart problems, while a mixed-breed boxer may have none of these issues.

Visit With Your Dog Candidate First

The Humane Society of the United States recommends getting a shelter dog. Between four and six million dogs and cats are euthanized every year due to lack of space and resources, but many of these animals would have made great pets. Shelters often offer mixed and purebred dogs, and give individuals (and families) opportunities to visit with the animals before deciding to take them home. Shelters will usually have histories of their animals as well: why they are in the shelter (strays vs. abandoned pets), possible behavioral issues and whether or not they are compatible with children.

If you choose to adopt from a dog breeder, still make arrangements to spend time with your potential pet first.

Tags: fourth-floor apartment, general personality, house with, house with backyard, lifestyle personality, make sure, mixed purebred

What Women Should Wear To A Triathlon

The swimming event of a triathlon comes first.

Swim, bike, run--in that order. That's a triathlon. The distances vary from sprint to Ironman, but the order is always the same: swim, bike, run. Three different events that emphasize three different types of exercise and have three different clothing requirements. Whether you choose to take a bare-bones approach to dressing for a triathlon, or invest in technical wear that you can wear for all three events, there are a few items that you must have to compete.

Basics

If you are trying out triathlons and don't want to invest a lot of money on equipment, you can wear a swimsuit for all three events. In the water, you must wear the cap issued by the race. You must wear a helmet on the bike and keep the chin strap buckled. You also have to wear your race number for the cycling and running events. You can wear the same shoes for cycling and running.

Intermediate

If you are competing in a long distance triathlon, or if you are modest, consider a trisuit that you can wear for all three events. It provides more coverage than a swimsuit, some padding for the cycling event and support for running. If your bike has clip-on peddles, you also need a pair of cycling shoes in addition to running shoes.

Separate Event Clothing

You can also choose to change your clothes for each event, although changing will take more time to transition. Bike shorts are more comfortable for cycling than trisuits, but aren't comfortable for running. A running bra is more supportive than a trisuit too, but remember that the USA Triathlon rules state that public nudity is prohibited everywhere including the transition areas, so be sure to bring a towel or something else to cover yourself while you change.

Weather Considerations

Be prepared for any possible weather conditions. For colder climates, a wetsuit for swimming will keep you warm in the water and add buoyancy. Arm warmers can be adjusted during running to add or subtract warmth. Remember to dress for how your body will feel after you warm up, not from a cold start. You cannot abandon clothes along the triathlon route, so don't overdress for cold weather.

Extras

Goggles and masks are allowed for the swim event and they can improve your vision in the water. One pair of socks for cycling and running can keep blisters away. Sunglasses help on a sunny day for both cycling and running, and a hat with a brim will help shade your face and keep the rain off. Don't forget to wear sunscreen.

Tags: cycling running, three events, must wear, that wear, that wear three, wear three

Unhealthy Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates supply the body with energy for physical activity and essential body functions. Carbohydrates found in grains, beans and vegetables make up the bulk of a healthy diet. Some carbohydrates are healthier than other, and some are just plain unhealthy if you eat too many of them.

Carbohydrates

Each carbohydrate molecule is made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These are all combined in units called glucose, which is a simple sugar. Larger carbohydrate molecules are described as "complex" and are usually considered healthier than simple sugars.

Sugar

Sucrose and fructose, common sugars used in cooking and processed foods, are unhealthy as a regular source of carbohydrate energy. These are simple sugars like glucose that, because of their small molecular structure, are digested to quickly to provide long lasting energy.

Fiber

Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate with a molecular structure too large for the human body to digest. Non-digestible dietary fiber is a healthy carbohydrate that slows the absorption of other carbohydrate energy in the digestive tract, so that the body receives an even supply of energy.

Refined Carbohydrates

Refined grain carbohydrates and white rice have been depleted of most their natural fiber content, so their carbohydrate energy is absorbed quickly, much like simple sugars. They are relatively unhealthy compared to whole grains.

Weight

If the energy your body gets from simple sugars and refined flour carbohydrates is not used immediately, it is stored as body fat. If you are not very physically active, they are more likely to contribute to unhealthy weight gain.

Tags: simple sugars, carbohydrate energy, healthier than, molecular structure

Why Do People Rely On Cell Phones In Today'S Culture

Cell phones have become an integral part of daily life.

People have come to depend on their cell phones for a number of different reasons. Essentially, the small device provides reliable benefits with few drawbacks. At no point in the history of human culture has a technology so changed the way in which daily communications occur. Cell phones are inexorably woven into the social fabric of the modern world, and for good reason.

Cell Phone Origins

Cell phones have been in constant development since the 1970s. Though the technology has been around for years, it was not until recently that it became mainstream. Like many advancements that enhance the quality of life, it started out as a status symbol of the elite. Suddenly, all that changed when cell phones became affordable to everyone. Cell phones started out as little more than two-way radios. Now, the cell phone's technological evolution has come to point where it relies on cell phone towers that provide coverage nearly worldwide.

Benefits and Drawbacks

Cell phones facilitate rapid communications over vast distances. This communication need not be vocal. Text messages are sent by the millions daily. The fabric of society is held together by communication, and nothing facilitates communication more than the cell phone. However, cell phones have drawbacks as well. With more than 4 billion produced to date, they have a large ecological footprint, pose safety risks when used in inappropriate circumstances, and may discourage face-to-face communication.

Exploring More Rapid Communication

Before the age of the cell phone, telecommunication between two people occurred over landlines that were tied to a single location. This made it difficult to communicate to loved ones while on the move. Consequently, the emergence of this technology was somewhat of a revolutionary advancement in communication. For example, a parent can now easily check in with a child who is out of the house. The affordability and convenience of cell phones all but ensured that it would become a mainstay.

Exploring Data Sharing

Modern cell phones do more than connect calls. They also transmit and receive a great deal of information. This can range from text messages to video. Data sharing has always been a cultural imperative. Whether for play or business, communication fosters trust and productivity. All this is accomplished by a small hand-held device that fits in the pocket. The cell phone enhances the quality of life and productivity.

Tags: cell phone, more than, cell phones, phones have, Cell phones, quality life

Things To Do In Chicago In October

October is a great month in Chicago.

Chicago is a city that offers a wide variety of activities throughout the entire year. There is no shortage of activities in the fall months, including October. If you find yourself living in Chicago or visiting Chicago in the month of October, there are plenty of outdoor and indoor activities throughout the city.

Chicago Marathon

One of the most famous marathons in the country, the Chicago Marathon invites all runners, joggers and walkers who want to participate in this historic race. The race usually takes place in the first half of October because of the ideal weather conditions that are usually present at that time in the fall. Even if you are not participating in the marathon, the event is highly inspirational to watch and is open to spectators. The finish line is located on the South Side of Chicago on Roosevelt Road. The Chicago Marathon is a great October activity because in encourages both runners and spectators to take advantage of the fall weather before winter arrives in Chicago.

Chicago Country Music Festival

Although the summer is prime time for outdoor festivals, the Chicago Country Music Festival is an annual event that occurs at the beginning of October. The festival takes place in Millennium Park, a large outdoor city park near downtown Chicago. Millennium Park is home to the Pritzker Pavilion, a large outdoor amphitheater known for its architectural design and pristine sound quality. There are also smaller stages set up around the park where you can watch smaller acts and participate in country western line dancing.

Chicago Country Music Festival

Millennium Park

300 N. Michigan Ave.

Chicago, IL 60602

millenniumpark.org

Eli's Cheesecake Festival

One thing Chicago is known for is its food. Although the main attraction for food festivals is the Taste of Chicago in July, Eli's Cheesecake Festival is an annual event that has been happening in October since 1996. The festival takes place in the Dunning neighborhood of Chicago, located on the far North Side of the city. This is a local festival celebrating cheesecake and other foods. The festival proceeds benefit local charities. Along with great food, the festival offers live music on a stage that is set up in the park.

Eli's Cheescake

6701 W. Forest Preserve Ave.

Chicago, IL 60634

773-205-3800

elischeesecake.com

Tags: Chicago Country, Chicago Country Music, Chicago Marathon, Country Music, Country Music Festival, Millennium Park, Music Festival

Why Don'T Some Places Have Clean Safe Drinking Water

Many places lack drinking water that is safe for different reasons. Unsafe drinking water can have many adverse effects, such as malnutrition and disease. Personal filters can be effective in eliminating many of the impurities in drinking water.

Significance

Unsafe drinking water can cause diseases, malnutrition and dehydration. Even in wealthier countries, impurities in drinking water have been found to have adverse effects such as male sterility.

Causes

Third World nations lack the technology to maintain clean drinking water, especially when contending with pollution. Wealthier nations can also fall victim to pollution, but can also have compromised water sources from regulatory violations.

Prevention/Solution

Using a standard water filter can decrease the amount of impurities found in tap water. When using a drinking fountain, run the water a few seconds before drinking from it.

Misconceptions

A common misconception is that bottled water is safer than tap water. Due primarily to loopholes in regulation, bottled water cannot be considered any safer than tap water. Bottled water also takes a toll on the environment.

Fun Fact

Many countries have started projects to establish safe drinking water, either through underground wells or by distributing personal filters.

Tags: drinking water, adverse effects, adverse effects such, drinking water have, effects such, impurities drinking

What Is The Stock Symbol For Burger King

What Is the Stock Symbol for Burger King?

Burger King is a fast food hamburger restaurant, and is one of the "big three" (along with McDonald's and Wendy's) in the United States. Its flagship hamburger, The Whopper, hasn't grabbed the public's attention as much as McDonald's Big Mac. Unlike McDonald's, the chain has undergone much changing of hands under various corporate parents, and spent a good number of years as a division of a larger enterprise. Burger King went public on May 18, 2006, and is listed on the NYSE under the stock symbol BKC.

History

Burger King was launched in 1954, in Miami. Founded on the same basic principle as McDonald's (assembly-line food creation, continuity between restaurants), the company was purchased by Pillsbury in 1967. A dizzying number of corporate parents were involved over the next several years, and a number of marketing campaigns (Have It Your Way, Flame Broiled) failed to capture the public's appetite and wallets, but the company still managed to survive. Its IPO price was $18; the stock closed 50 cents lower at the close of the first trading day. It has constantly hovered in the high teens/mid-$20 range, and has only hit the $30 mark on a few occasions.

Significance

Burger King has always been viewed as a second-class citizen in the fast-food world. While the chain has experienced the same ebb and flow as its fast food contemporaries (riding high in the 1970s, losing ground during periods of health and fitness trends), it hasn't been an industry trendsetter. Most of the time, it plays catch-up to the other chains, only adding similar items after its competitors have done well with a new menu item (for example, adding Chicken Tenders after McDonald's success with Chicken McNuggets).

Identification

Burger King's logo consists of the brand name shaped like a burger inside a golden bun. (The blue outline is a more recent addition.) Its mascot is The Burger King, originally created in 1955, but which has achieved pop-culture anti-hero status due to its hokey television advertisements in recent years. Some unsuccessful campaigns included "Where's Herb?" in the mid-1980s, and the ham and cheese "Yumbo" sandwich. However, not all went wrong: Its early tie-in with movies (notably "Star Wars" in 1977) not only started an industry trend, but produced some souvenir glasses that fetch a nice price on eBay more tha 30 years later.

Warning

While Burger King has avoided being directly in the line of fire of health-conscious filmmakers ("Fast Food Nation," "Super Size Me"), it has been criticized due to the high fat, carbs and sodium content of its food. While it has added healthier and lighter fare to its menu, its flagship products (burgers, fries and soda) are hardly considered remotely healthy.

Expert Insight

Many connoisseurs of fast food put Burger King last (behind McDonald's and Wendy's) as far as quality goes. Besides suffering the "red haired stepchild" syndrome under various conglomerates, it has never gained the traction of the breakfast crowd, and has had its share of high-profile failures on the menu (the aforementioned Yumbo, its "new" french fries, various versions of the "Original Chicken Sandwich").

Tags: Burger King, corporate parents, fast food, McDonald Wendy, Stock Symbol, Stock Symbol Burger, Symbol Burger

Things To Do In San Diego California In December

San Diego features an annual holiday parade.

Southern California's mild climate means that San Diego's daytime winter temperatures are usually in the high 60s with plenty of sunny days. While visitors won't find snow-covered roofs or warm woolen mittens, December in San Diego features a wealth of holiday activities to get into the spirit. The city celebrates the season with a variety of outdoor events like cultural festivals and parades. While much of the country is bundling up to shovel snow, San Diegoans might just be buying a Christmas in a T-shirt and flip-flops.

Balboa Park December Nights

Balboa Park--San Diego's urban cultural park that encompasses 15 museums, beautiful gardens and the San Diego Zoo -presents the city with a holiday gift each year called December Nights. The free, two-day celebration is typically held the first weekend in December and features activities for families and culture lovers. Highlights include Christmas on the Prado, featuring food from around the world; the Palisades Midway with carnival rides and games; The Spiderwick Chronicles Experience, an exhibit showcasing CGI and modern cartoon techniques; the Santa Lucia procession and a large holiday bazaar with goods from artisans, museum stores and local boutiques. Dance troupes and musical acts perform throughout the festival. Some exhibits vary each year, but December Nights is one of the city's beloved holiday events.

Balboa Park Visitors Center

1549 El Prado

San Diego CA 92101

619-239-0512

balboapark.org

San Diego Bay Parade of Lights

The San Diego Bay is home to an annual Parade of Lights show that features boats decorated as holiday floats. Held in mid-December, the parade features more than 100 boats decked out--literally--with lights to form snowflakes, Christmas trees, nativity scenes and several other holiday sights. Each year, the parade has a theme, such as Christmas at the Zoo, and boats compete for prizes in categories like Most Original Design. The seven and a half-mile route is best seen from the shore, the Embarcadero, Seaport Village, Harbor Island and Coronado Island and begins just after dusk.

San Diego Bay Parade of Lights

1220 Rosecrans Street, Suite 414

San Diego, Ca. 92106

619-224-2240

sdparadeoflights.org

Holiday Bowl

San Diego hosts the Holiday Bowl, an NCAA college football game played in late December at Qualcomm Stadium. The game is the main draw, but even non-football types will find a number of festive activities, such as the Port of San Diego Big Bay Balloon Parade in downtown San Diego and the annual Wiener Nationals, a championship dachshund race, a Family Festival and a 5K run. Along with these events, the event kicks off with world-class marching bands and drill team performances. Visitors should go early to get a spot to see the parade, which draws as many as 100,000 spectators each year.

San Diego Bowl Game Association

Qualcomm Stadium

9449 Friars Road, L-55

619-283-5808

holidaybowl.com

Tags: December Nights, Parade Lights, Balboa Park, Diego features, Diego Parade, Diego Parade Lights

Things To Do In Boston During The Winter

A winter wonderland

New England winters can be quite cold and relentless, especially in a port city like Boston. Although many summer activities, such as fishing and sailing, are months away, there are still a number of things to do in Boston during the winter. From ice skating to feasting on steaming bowls of clam chowder, there are some pastimes that only cold weather can provide.

Ice Skating

Boston Commons is this city's scaled-down version of Central Park in New York. It dates all the way back to 1634, however, making it more than 200 years older than its Manhattan counterpart. On what is known as the "Frog Pond" in the Commons, there is a wintertime ice skating rink run by the city. The rink is open from November until mid-March and every day of the week starting at 10 a.m. Admission is $4 for adults, and children skate for free. The rink also offers skate and locker rentals.

Frog Pond at Boston Common

175 Tremont St.

Boston, MA 02108

617-426-6220

bostoncommonfrogpond.org

Live Music

The feel of an intimate warm crowd and live music is always a delight on frigid winter nights. The legendary Middle East Restaurant & Nightclub, just across the river in Cambridge, has been putting on concerts since 1975. It has won numerous "Best of Boston" awards, including Best Club for Rock 2004 to 2007 by the Boston Phoenix, and Best Live Music Venue 2008 by Citysearch. The venue itself is made up of three separate performance spaces, ranging in capacity from 70 to 550 people. The Middle East is a block from the Central Station subway stop on the "T" Red Line.

Middle East Restaurant and Nightclub

472 Massachusetts Ave.

Cambridge, MA‎ 02139

617-864-3278

mideastclub.com

Indoor Sports

Boston is one of the nation's classic sports towns. Although the world-famous outdoor Fenway Park is on winter break, across town the warm TD Garden arena is in full swing. From November all the way to April, both the Boston Celtics of the NBA and the Boston Bruins of the NHL play their regular season home games at the Garden. In typical Boston style, the arena is located in the heart of the city outside the North Station stop on the "T" Green Line.

TD Garden

100 Legends Hwy.

Boston, MA 02114

617-624-1000‎

tdgarden.com

New England Clam Chowder

There are some delicacies that can only really be appreciated in the wintertime, and New England Clam Chowder is one of them. If there's one place to escape the cold and enjoy a warm bowl of the stuff, it is at the Union Oyster House, situated on Boston's historic Union Street. Established in 1826, this eatery declares itself the oldest restaurant in Boston. Their clam chowder has received numerous awards, most recently, Best Boston Clam Chowder, Citysearch 2008. The Union Oyster House is just around the corner from the historic Faneuil Hall Marketplace and is open every day except Monday, starting at 11 a.m.

Union Oyster House

41 Union St.

Boston, MA 02108

617-227-2750

unionoysterhouse.com

Tags: Middle East, Oyster House, Union Oyster, Union Oyster House, Best Boston

Tips For The Biggest Loser

Look for fiber content on nutrition labels.

The "Biggest Loser" diet is a weight loss plan based on a hit television show originally aired on the NBC network. Contestants follow rigorous fitness programs and reduced-calorie eating plans to reduce weight in hopes of earning a monetary reward. Dieters follow recommendations from personal trainers, nutritionists and doctors. Following the "Biggest Loser" diet at home requires dedication and exercise.

Food

Dieters on the "Biggest Loser" plan, eat more meals while maintaining reduced calories. Nutritionists base calorie goals on current weight and goal weight. As dieters lose weight, the calorie goal lowers because the body needs fewer calories for energy. Set up a meal plan with six to seven meals and snacks per day. Dedicate 100 calories for each snack and divide the remaining calories between three meals, breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Choose whole foods high in fiber in place of processed foods with added fat and sugar. Examples of whole foods include green, leafy vegetables and whole grains. Fiber helps slow down digestion, curbing hunger between meals.

Exercise

Contestants on the "Biggest Loser" exercise several times per day. Dedicating six hours to exercise every day is impossible for most working adults. Begin your exercise program with 30 minutes a day. Slowly increase exercise duration to 45 minutes and eventually an hour. Some dieters require up to 90 minutes of exercise a day to lose weight.

Include aerobic exercise and weight training in a weekly workout plan. Aerobic, or cardiovascular, exercise burns calories by increasing heart rate and expending energy. Weight training builds lean muscle mass, important for bone growth and resting metabolic rate.

Buddy System

Dieters on the "Biggest Loser" plan utilize the buddy system to maintain healthy food choices and daily exercise. Contestants participate in group workout sessions and they eat together as a team. Off the weight loss ranch, choose friends or family members as part of a weight loss group. Schedule daily or weekly meetings where group members weigh-in and talk about weight loss strategies and difficulties. Plan exercise group times when members can meet at one location to exercise together.

Patience

Weight loss is a personal journey. No two weight loss journeys are the same. Write down food and beverage intake, weight loss goals and feelings about progress. Look back at your journal when the scale is not moving as fast as you would like. Weight loss plateaus are common, but simple changes in exercise routine and food intake is often enough to boost weight loss and break a plateau.

Tags: Biggest Loser, weight loss, Biggest Loser diet, Biggest Loser plan, Dieters Biggest, Dieters Biggest Loser, lose weight

Timex Ironman Directions

Timex Ironman watches have an array of features to help you record and track your workout sessions. The Indiglo back light allows you to view the watch face even in dark conditions. Record laps and splits with the chronograph, or stopwatch, and recall the information later. Time a single activity or an entire session with the countdown timer. The Ironman watch also has basic watch functions such as the date and an alarm.

Instructions

Set Time and Date

1. Press and hold the "Set/Recall" button until the display flashes.

2. Use the "Stop/Reset" button and the "Start/Split" button to change the current value. Press the "Mode" button to select the value and move to the next screen. Select the hour, minute, second, day of the week, month, date, 12- or 24-hour format, and date format in this manner.

3. Press the "Set/Recall" button to exit and save your settings.

Set an Alarm

4. Press the "Mode" button until "Alarm" appears in the display.

5. Press the "Set/Recall" button.

6. Use the "Stop/Reset" and "Start/Split" buttons to change the current value and the "Mode" button to select a value. Set the hour, minute and AM/PM values.

7. Press the "Set/Recall" button to exit and save your settings. Press the "Start/Split" button to arm the alarm or the "Stop/Reset" button to disarm the alarm.

Use the Stopwatch

8. Press the "Mode" button until "Chrono" appears in the screen.

9. Press and hold the "Set/Recall" button until the screen displays "Format/Set."

10. Use the "Stop/Reset" button to select the stopwatch format. Press the "Set/Recall" button to save and exit.

11. Press the "Start/Split" button to start the stopwatch. Press "Stop/Reset" to stop the stopwatch. While the stopwatch is running, press "Start/Split" to take a lap split. Press and hold the "Stop/Reset" button to reset the stopwatch.

12. Press "Set/Recall" in the stopwatch mode, then press the "Stop/Reset" button or the "Start/Split" button to cycle through the stored laps and splits.

Tags: Stop Reset, Recall button, Start Split, Press Recall, Reset button, Stop Reset button

What Is Preforeclosure

Foreclosure is the sale at auction of a repossessed property. When the owner fails to make their regular mortgage payments, the lender is usually forced to sell the property to recoup as much of the original loan as they can. The process can be time-consuming, however, and involves several formal stages. Preforeclosure is the period immediately preceding the auction, during which the seller and lender make last-ditch efforts to prevent foreclosure by either renegotiating the mortgage or finding a buyer. Homes for sale at auction provide buyers with the deepest discounts, but preforeclosure properties are still considered excellent bargains and are more attainable.

Identification

Preforeclosure is the period after a homeowner has defaulted on their mortgage and the Notice of Default (N.O.D.) has been registered in the county courthouse and issued to the homeowner, but before the house has been sold at auction. It is essentially a term that refers to properties scheduled to be foreclosed and auctioned off, but which have not yet completed the process.

Features

Typically, homes in preforeclosure are more than 90 days late on the mortgage payments. The homeowner can still sell the property before its scheduled foreclosure auction, but might be limited by a scheduled auction date. Thus, sellers of homes in preforeclosure are distressed sellers who are usually willing to accept below-market-value offers if they are better than what might be expected at auction.

Significance

Preforeclosure sellers have several incentives to sell their property before it comes to a foreclosure auction. One of the most important is that doing so prevents some of the negative consequences of having a foreclosure on their credit record. Having such a designation usually prevents them from obtaining a new mortgage for several years. Also, because the preforeclosure offer is often higher than the auction bid, the seller has a better chance to get some of their equity out of the property by selling during preforeclosure.

Significance

Homeowners who receives a default notice, and technically enter the preforeclosure stage, can still avoid losing their home. If they are able to catch up on their payments, they might experience nothing more than a moderate drop in their credit score because of the delinquent payments. They can also renegotiate the terms of their mortgage with the help of professional realtors or attorneys. Reducing the monthly payments during preforeclosure by lowering the interest rate and extending the duration of the mortgage can prevent a foreclosure.

Considerations

Preforeclosure lists are a valuable source of information for real estate speculators. The data comes from court records, newspaper listings, lenders hoping for a better return on their loan and from private websites. These sources can provide addresses of properties scheduled for foreclosure auction. A savvy buyer can then make competitive offers on homes in the preforeclosure stage at a significant bargain, while still benefiting the homeowner and their lender.

Tags: foreclosure auction, homes preforeclosure, during preforeclosure, more than, mortgage payments, Preforeclosure period, preforeclosure stage

Weight Loss & Diarrhea In Horses

Weight loss and diarrhea in horses can be as simple as a horse not feeling well, or as serious as a fatal illness. Weight loss and diarrhea, on their own, can be caused by many different factors including eating habits, illness and exercise habits. When your horse shows these symptoms, especially when they appear together, you should seek the attention and advice of a veterinarian.

Weight Loss

Horses can lose weight for a number of reasons including a change in their diet or exercise routine, parasites, disease, poor nutrition and stress, but the three most common reasons are dental problems, malnutrition and parasites.

Weight loss is easy to determine by someone who sees the horse every day. If the horse is getting enough feed, hay and/or grass and clean water each day, malnutrition is not the culprit. If nothing else is wrong, the feed or hay may be very low quality. You can have this tested by taking a sample of the feed or hay to your local agriculture extension office or university.

Dental problems are easy to spot if you watch your horse carefully. Dental problems such as sharp points, broken teeth or infection in the gums or teeth can cause extreme pain while a horse chews. Most horses with dental pain show obvious signs of trouble while chewing feed. They may hold their heads sideways or at odd angles after taking a bite of feed. They may also do this while chewing hay or grass. Call a veterinarian or equine dentist if this happens.

The other main problem that causes weight loss in horses is the presence of parasites. Parasites can strip the horse of important nutrients and calories. Most parasites can be taken care of by deworming the horse on a regular two- or three-month schedule with a paste wormer, or by feeding a daily wormer in the horse's feed.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea can be caused by several factors including serious and nonthreatening situations. There are two basic types of diarrhea in horses, one being more threatening than the other. The less harmful situation is when a horse has loose feces but doesn't go any more frequently than normal. The type of diarrhea that is cause for concern is when it is very loose and the horse goes frequently. This can mean he is losing body fluid and may become dehydrated.

If your horse has diarrhea along with blood or a foul odor in the feces, loss of appetite or irregular behavior, fever, colic, increased pulse rate or the diarrhea lasts more than twelve hours, see a veterinarian immediately.

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Volunteer Coordinator Position Description

Volunteer coordinators recruit volunteers to help with the organization's goals, and they make sure all events that need volunteers are covered. Often a volunteer coordinator job is part-time or includes another main job requirement, such as coordinating special events.

Employers

Volunteer coordinators work for businesses and organizations that need a significant number of volunteers. These include hospitals and other health care facilities, animal shelters, museums, social service agencies, environmental groups and more.

New Volunteers

The position description includes recruiting new volunteers through community outreach and free advertising opportunities. Volunteer coordinators interview applicants and train new volunteers.

Scheduling

Creating and filling schedules for organizational needs is a primary part of the coordinator's job duties. She contacts volunteers regarding available opportunities and may hold monthly volunteer meetings to discuss upcoming events and ongoing activities.

Events

Volunteer coordinators make sure coverage is provided for special events and typically attend those events. For large events, they may create separate committees. They also schedule volunteers to represent the organization at expos, seminars and other community programs.

Tracking Activity

These coordinators maintain a volunteer database and keep track of individual volunteer activities. They reward volunteers for special achievements with thank-you notes and items such as gift certificates for lunch at a local restaurant.

Writing Duties

Publishing monthly or quarterly newsletters detailing volunteer activities and recognizing certain volunteers is part of the coordinator's job. They also write reports for management, recommending changes that would help the program.

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What Are Wrap Around Sunglasses

Wrap around sunglasses provide more eye protection in glaring sunlight.

Sometimes referred to as "wraps," wrap around sunglasses are sunglasses that curve around the contours of your head, starting at the front and wrapping around the side. Although wrap around sunglasses have become popular in recent years, those who need prescription sunglasses should note that most wrap around sunglasses cannot accommodate prescription lenses. This is due to the optical distortion that is created by the curvature of this type of sunglasses. Does this Spark an idea?

Trendy Style

Once most popular on athletic fields, wrap around sunglasses are now very common at the beach.

Many people enjoy wearing wrap around sunglasses because of their trendy style. While wrap around sunglasses were originally designed for practical reasons, many are now designed to compliment wardrobe fashions. Whether you are a shopper, a beach-goer, a golfer or a tourist, you can find wrap around sunglasses that will suit any clothing ensemble that is meant to be worn outdoors.

Practical Reasons

Wrap around sunglasses are designed to offer the wearer very practical benefits. Wrap around sunglasses offer added wind and sun protection, shielding the eyes from all angles, rather than from just straight ahead. Wrap around sunglasses also fit the head more snugly than traditional sunglasses, and are less likely to fall off. Higher quality wrap around sunglasses feature dust protection as well as protection from UV rays.

Durability

Some traditional sunglasses don't last very long because their arms are apt to bend and break. Because wrap around sunglasses usually have thicker lenses than traditional sunglasses, they also usually feature thicker arms and more substantial hinges. The thicker lenses, thicker arms, tougher hinges and tighter fit of wrap around sunglasses make them more durable than other sunglasses on the market.

Leading Models

While brands such as Oakley popularized wrap around sunglasses in athletic venues, high-end fashion manufacturers have now entered the wrap around sunglasses market. Dolce & Gabbana and Gucci are two iconic fashion manufacturers that are known for their wrap around models. Roberto Cavalli is another high fashion manufacturer now known for cutting-edge designs in wrap around sunglasses.

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What Is An Adrenaline Rush

Adrenaline is a naturally occurring hormone in the body. During an adrenaline rush, the hormone, which is also known as epinephrine, is released in response to situations which may be exciting, dangerous or threatening.

Function

The function of the adrenal gland and the release of adrenaline helps a person to cope with stressful or emergency situations. A boost of glucose and oxygen are sent to the brain and muscles while other bodily functions are suppressed.

Significance

An adrenaline rush can be important in a "fight or flight" situation as the effects that the hormone has on the body temporarily improve physical performance.

Effects

Epinephrine has many effects on the body including increased oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, dilated pupils, increased heart rate and the elevation of blood sugar levels.

Warning

There are some people who have become addicted to having an adrenaline rush. If the hormone is released often enough, the body begins to memorize the associated feelings which can ultimately lead to a serious addiction which can be just as difficult to quit as any other addictive drug.

Fun Fact

Certain people have experienced "super" strength during an adrenaline rush in emergency situations and have been able to lift cars, helicopters and other heavy objects that humans cannot lift under normal circumstances.

Tags: adrenaline rush, adrenaline rush hormone, brain muscles, emergency situations, hormone body, people have, rush hormone

Tips On Planning A Fundraiser

Planning is key to a successful fundraiser.

Whether you're planning an elaborate formal dinner or a garage sale, you need to think carefully about make your fundraiser effective and fun. You can apply some general principles to any type of fundraiser to make it more organized and more profitable.

Know Your Audience

Before you choose what type of fundraiser to stage, think carefully about the people who are interested in your cause. Consider what type of event they'd be most likely to attend, and think about their income level and available cash. If you are raising money for your children's school, you want the event to be accessible to all families, so an event with a big upfront ticket cost may not be appropriate. Opt for a fun event with free admission but plenty of chances to buy items or enter raffles. If you are targeting wealthy donors for a high-profile cause, you should plan something suitably extravagant, such as a dinner dance and upscale silent auction.

Keep Costs Down

The very best way to ensure you make plenty of money at your fundraising event is to keep your initial costs relatively low. Remember, you are raising money for a good cause, so you should feel comfortable asking people and companies to either donate items or give you a substantial break on the cost. Ask your venue to donate space for free on a slow night. See if you can negotiate a deal with the caterers in return for some nice free advertising at your event. Borrow items for d cor rather than spending money.

Advertise

If you're going to make money, you need plenty of people to attend. Make sure your event is well publicized. Again, you should try to keep costs down while you're doing this, so expensive newspapers ads may not be the best method. Make sure the event is on your Facebook page and create some buzz on Twitter. Instead of paper invites, use an email invite. Place notices in community newspapers, church bulletins and any other free listing services you can find. If your event has an unusual twist or you can create an appealing photo opportunity, see if you can interest your local newspaper in sending a reporter to create a news item in the weeks before your event.

Money Making

Design lots of different ways to make money into your event so that those who have a little extra available cash are tempted to spend it while they're there. Decide what your principal source of fundraising for the event will be, whether it's ticket sales, a silent auction, a sale or something else. Next, add as many extra smaller fundraising opportunities to the event as you can--include a bake sale, organize a basket raffle, sell some donated crafts, or charge for a series of fun kids' activities. Don't forget to set out a simple donation jar.

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Weight Loss In Type 2 Diabetics

Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetics

Nearly nine out of 10 people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are overweight, making weight loss a concern. Not only does maintaining a healthy weight help control problems related to your diabetes diagnosis, it also improves your overall health. The best way to lose weight is by employing a savvy combination of diet and exercise.

The Facts

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in the United States today. Of the 23.6 million Americans diagnosed with diabetes, 90 percent have type 2 diabetes.

In type 2 diabetes, your body doesn't get enough insulin, either because it doesn't make enough insulin or because it doesn't properly use the insulin it makes.

Type 2 diabetes is controlled with diet and exercise. About half the people with type 2 diabetes also need to take insulin medication.

Significance

It's no wonder that weight loss is a concern for many people with type 2 diabetes. According to research at Johns Hopkins University, a seriously overweight person is seven times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than a person who maintains a healthy body weight.

The good news: Even though you are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes when you weigh too much, losing weight can improve your diagnosis and in some cases even reverse it completely. According to Johns Hopkins University, losing as little as five pounds can have a positive impact on your body's insulin production, but a 7 to 15 percent weight loss delivers maximum effects.

Diet

Contrary to popular belief, a diabetes diagnosis doesn't have to mean a complicated special diet.

The American Diabetes Association recommends making a comprehensive list of what you eat every week and then coming up with smart ways to substitute low-fat alternatives for any high-fat foods you usually eat.

The ADA also recommends breaking down your daily diet so that you get less than 65 percent of your daily calories from carbohydrates, between 10 and 35 percent of your calories from protein, and the remaining 20 to 30 percent of calories from fat.

In general, to lose weight, you must use more calories than you consume, so reducing the total number of calories you eat each day can help with weight loss.

Exercise

Exercise is one of the most important tools in weight loss for type 2 diabetics. Not only does it help your body burn more calories to achieve your weight loss goals, it also helps blood sugar levels drop significantly for up to 48 hours after your workout.

Considerations

Talk with your doctor or health care professional before starting any new diet or exercise routine.

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What Would Cause Pain & Burning At Your Sternum

Chest pain in noncardiac or nonheart related situations can cause a burning sensation behind your breastbone (your sternum), according to the Mayo Clinic.

Musculoskeletal

Noncardiac conditions that may be the culprit include a musculoskeletal syndrome called Tietze, which is also known as costochondritis. If you have this problem, the cartilage in your rib cage, particularly those that join your breastbone to your ribs, becomes inflamed.

Identification

Costochondritis causes pain in the chest and will worsened when you push on your ribs near the sternum or on your sternum. Those suffering from fibromyalgia often have to deal with costochondritis.

Heartburn

Heartburn can result in a painful, burning sensation behind your sternum (breastbone). Heartburn happens when acid from your stomach washes up and into the esophagus, which is a tube that runs from your stomach to your throat.

GERD

If the pain in your sternum worsens when you eat spicy food, drink beverages that contain caffeine or when your stomach is empty, you may have a gastric ulcer, gastritis or GERD, which is gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Effects

GERD is a digestive disease that is chronic. The backwash or stomach acid and bile irritates your esophagus and causes pain.

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The Best Wireless Earbuds For Watching Tv While Running On The Treadmill

Running on the treadmill while watching TV can make workouts more enjoyable.

The advent of small, convenient MP3 players and other similar devices have led to bulky headphones being replaced by smaller, more streamlined earbuds. When used properly, earbuds remain comfortably in your ears and produce high-quality sound for you to enjoy during workouts. To simplify the concept even further, many people prefer to use wireless earbuds that allow them to enjoy a freer workout experience and not feel tethered to their listening device while running on the treadmill.

Sennheiser MX W1 Wireless Stereo Earbuds

These wireless earbuds are perfect if you're at a gym that allows you to tune your radio to a preset television frequency. Simply plug the wireless transmitter into your MP3 player or iPod and tune in to the gym's television frequency. The wireless Kleer technology makes for a high-quality personal sound system. A 3.5mm jack connection allows you to plug the transmitter into just about any device you wish--including your home television or stereo. This completely wireless system comes with a rechargeable docking station and carrying case.

DigiFi Opera Wireless Earbuds

Like the Sennheiser MX W1, the DigiFi Opera wireless earbuds use Kleer technology for optimal sound. The earbuds are attached to a wire that fits behind the head, which some people may find provides more security when running on the treadmill. Simply plug the headphone jack into the television and you will be able to enjoy wireless audio. The transmitter allows up to four sets of Kleer headphones at a time. The DigiFi Opera wireless earbuds come in both black and white.

Sennheiser MM 200 Bluetooth Headset

The Sennheiser MM 200 earbud set contains a Bluetooth receiver that the user wears around his neck, and wireless earbuds with different rubber fittings to adjust to different ear shapes. The receiver only attaches to an iPod, so if you have a different type of player, this would not be the best choice. Also you would need to have an iPod that is radio-enabled as you would only be able to use this at gyms that allow you to tune in your radio to listen to the television. Unlike the Opera wireless earbuds and the Sennheiser MX W1 wireless earbuds, the Sennheiser MM 200 Bluetooth headset does not have a standard jack connection that will be compatible with televisions, stereos or other audio players. What the Sennheiser MM 200 Bluetooth headset lacks in options, it makes up for in price, being the least expensive of the three options.

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What Happens When Children Wear Shoes That Are Too Big

A child wearing shoes that don't fit is at a disadvantage. He will be more prone to injury and may suffer from a prolonged condition as a result. Kids might face teasing from their peers for their disproportionate appearance, and an ill-fitting shoe will wear out faster and can negatively affect the way a child walks and stands. Wearing extra socks to compensate will produce loads of sweaty socks and increase your laundry costs. During the developmental stages of childhood, shoes that fit properly are extremely important.

Injury

The worst possible outcome of your child wearing shoes that are too large would be for him to be njured. Some injuries happen over a long period of time because of the child's feet sliding inside the ill-fitting shoes. Blisters, lost toenails, hammertoes, bunions and calluses can form because of the constant irritation, leading to constant foot pain. More severe injuries like slips and falls can also happen when children wear shoes that are too big. These shoes do not give children a secure footing and can lead to mishaps on stairs and slick surfaces. See the link in Resources to find out more about these medical conditions.

Teasing

Children can be teased by classmates for wearing shoes that are too large. Large shoes will make a child's proportions appear obviously off balance to the other kids; it's an easy comedic connection for kids to make since it is well known that clowns wear large shoes. Shoes that are too large may also lead children to assume that the wearer's family is poor and cannot afford properly fitting shoes. This could leave a child open for teasing about being broke and poorly dressed.

Laundry

Wearing multiple pairs of socks to help your child fit into a too-large shoe will generate more dirty laundry. Many children will double or even triple up on socks to be able to wear shoes that are much too big. All this insulation on the child's feet can cause them to sweat more than ever, soaking the socks. Sweaty socks may need to be changed more than once a day for an active child, and these dirty socks can add up quickly and create more loads of dirty laundry.

Uneven Wear

A pair of shoes that is too large for a child will wear out quickly and unevenly, bending sharply past the end of the child's toes, like a genie's slipper. This deformity could cause cracking in the sole or tears in the leather or fabric. Shoes that don't fit could cause a child to drag her feet and wear out a sole quickly in one area. These incidents of wear will both damage the look of the shoes and shorten their useful life.

Gate and Posture

Shoes that aren't comfortably fitting may cause a child to change his posture and stride. Walking differently might help to keep the shoes on or prevent her feet from hurting. A child's feet are still growing and in a developmental stage, and oversize shoes can cause changes in gate over time, which could have an eventual negative effect on a child's posture. Posture problems can lead to scoliosis, along with future back pain.

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